Complete at least two full sets of Millennium Bubble Gum cards (7 cards in a set).  Focus on individual themes or pick and choose randomly from the list below .  You are encouraged to complete more than two set.  If you do push beyond 14 cards, you do not need to fill out sets (ie. you can complete 15+ cards in total).

The Purpose

To introduce you to significant historical figures from World History, and to ask you to connect these people to the times in which they lived.

The Bubblegum card assignment is worth 25% of the overall semester grade.

I will provide 5"x8" file cards. You should spend at least an hour researching each individual, using the internet and other resources.

The front of the card should include 1) the name of the person at the top; 2) a picture in the middle; 3) the year of birth and death; 4) the place of birth and death; and 5) a short, interesting quotation (if available) from the individual at the bottom.

The back of the card should have 1)  a few sentences called "LIFE"; 2) a paragraph called "HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE"; and 3) a "FACTOID."    The "HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE" section is the most important of the assignment.  Although you will not have the space for detailed description, you should have room for a concise analysis that assesses the individual's place in world history and uses their life to illustrate an important theme or two.  If possible, place your chosen individuals within a global context. What is most interesting about the them?  Keep the "LIFE" section to no more than a few sentences.  Here, do not offer a full biography but rather highlight key points that help to make sense of the person discussed.  Can you use the individual as an entry point into the times in which he or she lived?  Try to find an interesting fact for the "FACTOID."

You do not need footnotes for this assignment but do be careful to have everything in your own words.  Strive to offer distinctive portraits that capture the essence of each individual highlighted.  I do expect an informal bibliography that can be handed in as a separate page with your completed card sets.  This should consist of the URLs of the main web-sites consulted for each person studied.

Take detailed notes before thinking about finishing the cards themselves (this research can be handed in with your assignment).  Do not stop with 14 individuals. Aim for 21. Complete the whole set!

Shah Abbas I [Abbas the Great] (1557-1628): King of Persia  [1]

Abd al-Kader (1808-1883): Algerian anti-colonialist leader and the emir of Mascara  [2]

Abe Masahiro (1819-1857): Japanese government official  [3]

Chinua Achebe (1930- ): Nigerian writer  [4]

Abd el-Krim (1881-1963): Moroccan Berber resistance leader  [5]

Abdul Hamid II (1842-1918): Ottoman sultan  [6]

Muhammad Abdullah (1905-1982): The "Lion of Kashmir"  [7]

Peter Abelard (1079-1142): French philosopher and scholar  [8]

Abdul Hamid II (1842-1918): Ottoman sultan (1876-1909)  [9]

Abigail Adams (1744-1818): Wife of the second President of the United States  [10]

John Adams (1735-1826): Second American President  [11]

Samuel Adams (1722-1803): American patriot  [12]

William Adams (1564-1620): English ship's pilot washed ashore in Japan  [13]

Jane Addams (1860-1935): U.S. social worker and reformer  [14]

Sor Maria de Agreda (1602-1655): Spanish nun, mystic and author  [15]

Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964): Filipino nationalist leader  [16]

Lope de Aguirre (c. 1510-1561): Spanish conquistador  [17]

Mohammed Ahmed [The Mahdi] (1844-1885): Sudanese religious and political leader  [18]

A'isha (c. 614-678): The third and most controversial wife of the Prophet Muhammad  [19]

Akbar the Great (1542-1605): Mogul emperor  [20]

Mahadevi Akka: 12th century poet and perhaps the best known of women saints in India  [21]

Madeleine Albright (b. 1937): First woman to serve as the U.S. secretary of state  [22]

O Aleijandinho [born Antonio Francisco Lisboa] (c. 1730-1814): Brazilian colonial sculptor  [23]

Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881)  [24]

Alexius Comnenus [Alexius I] (1048-1118): Byzantine emperor  [25]

Alfonso de Albuquerque (1453-1515): Governor of Portuguese empire in Asia, 1508-15  [26]

Alfred the Great (849-899): King of Wessex, 871-99  [27]

Al-Hakim bi Amr Allah (985-1021): First Egyptian-born Fatimid ruler  [28]

Salvadore Allende (1908-73): Chilean leader and statesman  [29]

Alonso de Molina (1513-1579): Franciscan priest who wrote dictionary of Nahuatl language published in 1571  [30]

Dona Beatriz de Alvarado : Female sixteenth-century governor of Guatemala  [31]

Pedro de Alvarado (c. 1485-1541): Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala  [32]

Francisco Alvares (c. 1465- c. 1540): Portuguese explorer  [33]

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1893-1956): Indian leader of the Untouchables  [34]

Amda Seyon I (d. 1344): Ethiopian Emperor  [35]

Idi Amin (1925-2003): Ugandan President  [36]

Aminatu, Queen of Zaria (1536-1610): Nigerian queen  [37]

Anacaona (1674-1503): Legendary Taino queen, remembered as the ruler whose chiefdom was the last to fall to the Spanish on Hispaniola  [38]

Anastasia (1901-1918): Grand duchess of Russia  [39]

An Lushan (705-757): Leader of the Chinese rebellion (753-57) from which the Tang Dynasty never recovered  [40]

Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906): Leading American woman suffragist  [41]

Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274): Philosopher and theologian  [42]

Yasser Arafat (1929-2004): Palestinian leader  [43]

Arai Hakuseki (1657-1725): Japanese Confucianist scholar-bureaucrat  [44]

Jose Antonio de Areche: Eighteenth-century Spanish colonial official in Peru  [45]

Hannah Arendt (1906-1975): German-born political theorist  [46]

Guru Arjan Dev (1563-1606): Fifth Sikh Guru  [47]

Inessa Armand (1874-1920): Russian revolutionary and feminist  [48]

Benedict Arnold (1741-1801): American soldier and traitor  [49]

Jose Gervasio Artigas (1764-1850): National hero of Uruguay  [50]

Arwa al-Sulayhi (1045-1138): Yemeni queen  [51]

Ashikaga Takauji (1305-1358): Japanese ruler -- the first of the Ashikaga shoguns and the founder of the Muromachi bakufu  [52]

Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1358-1408): 3rd shogun of Ashikaga shogunate  [53]

Askia Muhammad I (1493-1528): Emperor of Songhay in West Africa  [54]

Atahualpa (d. 1533): Inca ruler  [55]

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938): Founder of modern Turkey  [56]

Farid al-Din Attar (c. 1119- c. 1200): Persian poet  [57]

Aung San Suu Kyi (b. 1945): Leader of Burma's democracy movement  [58]

Aurangzeb (1618-1707): Mogul emperor of India  [59]

Jane Austen (1775-1817): British author  [60]

Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (1126-1198): Islamic philosopher  [61]

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037): Persian scholar  [62]

Axayacatl (r. 1469-1481): Aztec ruler  [63]

Juana Azurduy de Padilla (c. 1780-1862): Bolivian insurgent during the wars of South American independence  [64]

Ba Jin (b. 1904): Pseudonym of Li Feigan -- Chinese novelist  [65]

Bab (1819-1850): founder of Babism and one of the three central figures of the Bahai Faith  [66]

Ahmad Baba (1556-1627): Medieval West African intellectual  [67]

Babur (1483-1530): First Mogul emperor of India  [68]

Bahadur Shah II (1775-1862): Last Mughal emperor of India  [69]

Baha'u'llah (1817-1892): Founder of Bahai Faith  [70]

Bahinabai (1628-1700): Female Indian poet and saint  [71]

Lakshmi Bai (c. 1830-1858): Indian queen and leader of 1857 rebellion  [72]

Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876): Russian revolutionary and anarchist  [73]

Ghiyas ub din Balban (1200-1287): Turkic ruler of Delhi sultanate  [74]

Vasco Nunez de Balboa (c. 1475-1517): Spanish conquistador  [75]

Baldwin I (c. 1058-1118): King of Jerusalem  [76]

John Ball (d. 1381): English rebel  [77]

Sirimavo Bandaranaike (1916-2000): Sri Lankan leader and the world's first female prime minister  [78]

Surendranath Banerjea (1848-1925): Indian nationalist  [79]

Hassan al-Banna (106-1949): Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood  [80]

Rabban Bar Sauma (c. 1220-1294): Turkic/Mongol Nestorian monk and diplomat  [81]

Peter Bartholomew (d. 1099): Crusader and mystic  [82]

Matsu Basho (1644-1694): Japanese poet and travel writer  [83]

Micaela Bastidas (1744-1781): A leader in events that led to the end of Spanish colonial power in the Andes in the late 18th century  [84]

Baybars (1223-1277): Sultan of Egypt and Syria  [85]

Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986): French author and publisher  [86]

Thomas Becket (1118-1170): Archbishop of Canterbury  [87]

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827): German composer  [88]

Begam Samru (1741/53-1836): Female ruler of Sardhana in India  [89]

Menachem Begin (1913-1992): Israeli statesman  [90]

Aphra Behn (1640?-1689): Restoration-era female author and playwright  [91]

Gertrude Bell (1868-1926): British archaeologist and government official  [92]

Ahmed Ben Bella (1916-): Algerian revolutionary leader and President  [93]

David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973): Israeli prime minister  [94]

Saito Mushashibo Benkei (1155-1189): Japanese warrior monk  [95]

Lavrentiy Beria (1899-1953): Soviet head of secret police  [96]

Vitus Bering (1681-1741): Danish navigator  [97]

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153): Theologian and reformer  [98]

Annie Besant (1847-1933): Theosophist and social reformer  [99]

Norman Bethune (1890-1939): Canadian social activist and physician  [100]

Mai Bhago (ruled c. 1699-1708): Female Sikh soldier and bodyguard for Guru Gobind Singh  [101]

Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007): Pakistani prime minister  [102]

Kamal al-din Bihzad (c. 1450-c. 1535): Most famous of Persian miniature painters  [103]

Steve Biko (1956-1977): South African student leader  [104]

Osama bin Laden (1957- ): Founder of terrorist organization al-Qaeda  [105]

Benkos Bioho (1079-1142): Colombian maroon community leader  [106]

Raja Birbal (late 1500s-1619): Grand vizier of the Mughal court  [107]

Black Elk (1863-1950): Lakota Medicine Man  [108]

William Bligh (1754-1817): British Royal Navy officer  [109]

Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375): Italian author  [110]

Maria Bochkareva (1889-1920): Female Russian World War I soldier  [111]

Bohemond I (1058-1111): Crusader and conqueror of Antioch  [112]

Anne Boleyn (1507-1536): Second wife of Henry VIII  [113]

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830): South American independence leader  [114]

Imam Bondjol (1772-1864): Indonesian religious leader  [115]

Daniel Boone (c. 1735-1820): American frontiersman  [116]

John Wilkes Booth (1838-1865): Assassin of President Abraham Lincoln  [117]

Cesare Borgia (c. 1475-1507): Renaissance cardinal  [118]

Bortei (born c. 1162): Wife of Genghis Khan  [119]

Brian Boru (c. 926-1014): Last High King of Ireland (1011)  [120]

Hieronymous Bosch (c. 1450-1516): Dutch painter  [121]

Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945): Indian nationalist  [122]

Fernando Botero (1932- ): Colombian artist  [123]

Louis Botha (1862-1919): Boer general and statesman  [124]

Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1729-1811): French navigator  [125]

Jean-Pierre Boyer (1776-1850): Haitian revolutionary and President  [126]

Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (1852-1905): French explorer  [127]

Frederika Bremer (1801-1865): Swedish novelist, travel writer and social critic  [128]

James Brooke (1803-1867): First White Raja of Sarawak and British imperialist  [129]

John Brown (1800-1859): U.S. abolitionist  [130]

Robert Bruce [Robert I of Scotland] (1274-1329): Scottish king  [131]

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446): Italian architect  [132]

Theodor de Bry (1528-1598): European engraver and editor  [133]

William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925): American politician  [134]

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788): French naturalist  [135]

Bui Thi Xuan (d. 1802): Female Vietnamese rebel who led the Tay Son movement in the late 18th century  [136]

Edmund Burke (1729-1797): British statesman and political theorist  [137

Richard Burton (1821-1890): British explorer and writer  [138]

Amilcar Cabral (1924-1973): Guinea-Bissaunian revolutionary  [139]

Francisco Cabral (c. 1528-1609): Portuguese Jesuit priest in Japan  [140]

Pedro Alvares Cabral (c. 1468-1520): Portuguese explorer  [141]

John C. Calhoun (1782-1850): American statesman  [142]

Felix Maria Calleja (1753-1828): Viceroy of New Spain during Mexico's War of Independence  [143]

Plutarco Elias Calles (1877-1945): Mexican general and President  [144]

Bhikaji Cama (1861-1936): Female Indian independence leader  [145]

Albert Camus (1916-1960): French novelist and philosopher  [146]

Jacinto Canek (c. 1731-1761): Maya revolutionary  [147]

Charles John [Lord] Canning (1812-1862): First viceroy of India  [148]

King Canute (d. 1035): Viking king of England, Denmark, Norway and parts of Sweden  [149]

Cao Xueqin (1715? - 1763?): Chinese author  [150]

Lazaro Cardenas (1895-1970): President of Mexico  [151]

Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919): Scottish-born U.S. industrialist and philanthropist  [152]

Joseph Caro (1488-1575): Jewish scholar and mystic  [153]

Emily Carr (1871-1945): Canadian artist  [154]

Venustiano Carranza (1859-1920): Mexican revolutionary and President  [155]

Jacques Cartier (1491-1557): French navigator  [156]

Roger Casement (1864-1916): Irish nationalist  [157]

Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766): Italian Jesuit missionary in China  [158]

Ramon Castilla (1797-1867): Peruvian caudillo and President  [159]

Fidel Castro (1927- ): Cuban leader  [160]

Catherine II (The Great) (1729-1796): Empress of Russia  [161]

Catherine of Siena (1347?-1380): Catholic saint and mystic  [162]

Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616): Spanish author  [163]

Cethwayo kaMpande (1826-1884): Zulu king and warrior  [164]

Paul Cezanne (1839-1906): French artist  [165]

Chagatai Khan (d. 1241): Second son of Genghis Khan and Mongol leader  [166]

Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635): French explorer of Canada  [167]

Charles I (1600-1649): King of Great Britain and Ireland  [168]

Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400): English poet  [169

Chen Duansheng (1751- c. 1796): Female Chinese poet and novelist  [170]

Chen Shu (1660-1736): Female Chinese painter of the Qing Dynasty  [171]

Chiang Kai-Shek (1887-1975): Chinese general and statesman  [172]

Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653-1725): Japanese bunraku dramatist  [173]

Choe Bu (1454-1504): Korean official and chronicler  [174]

Christina of Sweden (1626-1689): Queen of Sweden  [175]

Christine de Pisan (1364-1430): French poet and prose writer  [176]

Chulalongkorn (1853-1910): King of Siam  [177]

Winston Churchill (1874-1965): British statesman  [178]

Joseph Cinque (1813-1879): West African slave and "Amistad" defendant  [179]

Cixi (c. 1834-1908): Empress dowager of China  [180]

Francisco Javier de Clavijero (1731-1787): Jesuit teacher and historian  [181]

Robert Clive (1725-1774): British general and first British governor of Bengal  [182]

Buffalo Bill Cody (1846-1917): American hunter and showman  [183]

Michael Collins (1890-1922): Irish revolutionary  [184]

Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587-1629): Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies  [185]

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506): Genoese explorer  [186]

Anna Comnena (c. 1083-1148): Byzantine princess and historian  [187]

Charlotte Corday (1768-1793): French noblewoman and assassin of Marat  [188]

Lord Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805): British general and administrator  [189]

Mae Aurelia Correia (1810?-1875?): Female slave trader and merchant  [190]

Hernan Cortes (1485-1547): Spanish conquistador  [191]

Crazy Horse (d. 1877): Lakota chief  [192]

Davy Crockett (1786-1836): American frontiersman and folk hero  [193]

Oliver Cromwell [Lord Protector of England] (1599-1658): English statesman and general  [194]

Cuauhtemoc (c. 1502-1525): Aztec ruler  [195]

Ottobah Cugoano (b. 1757): African abolitionist  [196]

Cura Ocllo (d. 1539): Inca Queen -- wife and sister of Manco Inca  [197]

Lord Curzon (1859-1925): Viceroy of India  [198]

George Armstrong Custer (1839-1876): U.S. soldier  [199]

Saints Cyril and Methodius: Ninth century Orthodox missionaries  [200]

Enrico Dandolo (1107?-1205): Venetian doge  [201]

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): Italian poet  [202]

Ruben Dario (1867-1916): Nicaraguan modernist poet  [203]

Charles Darwin (1809-1882): English naturalist  [204]

Jefferson Davis (1809-1889): U.S. statesman and President of the Southern Confederacy  [205]

Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758-1806): Haitian independence leader  [206]

Porfiorio Diaz (1830-1915): General and President of Mexico  [207]

Bartolomew Diaz de Novaes (c. 1455-1500): Portuguese explorer  [208]

Charles Dickens (1812-1870): British novelist  [209]

Emily Dickinson (1830-1886): American poet  [210]

Juan Diego (1474-1548): First indigenous American saint  [211]

Diego de Almagrado (1475-1538): Conquistador who was first a companion and later a rival of Francisco Pizarro  [212]

Ding Ling (1904-1986): Feminist and Marxist Chinese writer  [213]

Dingane (c. 1795-1840): Zulu chief  [214]

Dingiswayo (d. 1817): Founder of the Zulu kingdom  [215]

Dinh Bo Linh (923-979): Vietnamese leader  [216]

Diponegoro (1785-1855): Javanese prince -- leader of Java War (1825-30) against the Dutch  [217]

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887): American social reformer  [218]

Dogen Kigen (1200-1253): Founder of the Soto School of Zen Buddhism in China  [219]

Saint Dominic (1170-1221): Founder of the Dominican order of friars  [220]

Feyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881): Russian novelist  [221]

Francis Drake (c. 1543-1596): English explorer  [222]

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963): U.S. civil rights leader  [223]

Du Fu (712-770): Chinese poet  [224]

Antera Duke: 18th century African slave leader and Nigerian chief  [225]

Joseph Francois Dupleix (1697-1763): French governor of Pondicherry  [226]

Diego Duran (c. 1537-1588): Dominican friar and Spanish chronicler  [227]

Nadezhda Durova (1783-1866): Female Russian cavalry officer and writer  [228]

Shajar al-Durr (d. 1259): Egyptian sultaness  [229]

Francois Duvalier (1907-1971): President of Haiti  [230]

Isabelle Eberhardt (1877-1904): 19th century traveler  [231]

Eisai (1141-1215): Japanese Zen monk, revered as the founder of the Rinzai School of Zen Buddhism in Japan  [232]

El Cid (c. 1040-1099): Spanish hero  [233]

Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122-1204): Queen of France and England  [234]

Lord Elgin [Thomas Bruce] (1766-1841): British statesman and colonial administrator  [235]

Elisabeth of Schonau (1128-1164): German nun and religious visionary  [236]

Enku (1632-1695): Japanese Buddhism monk and sculptor  [237]

Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745-1797): Slave narrative author  [238]

Desederius Erasmus (c. 1467-1536): Dutch humanist scholar  [239]

Eric the Red: 10th-century Norwegian explorer  [240]

Leif Ericson (c. 970 - c. 1020): Norse explorer  [241]

Ethelred II (The Unready) (c. 968-1016): King of England (978-1016)  [242]

Fan Zhongyan (989-1052): Prominent Song politician and literary figure  [243]

Fang Junying (1884-1923): Chinese revolutionary and educator  [244]

Frantz Fanon (1925-1961): Caribbean psychiatrist and intellectual  [245]

Fatuma, Queen of Zanzibar (ruled c. 1690): Swahili-speaking queen  [246]

Vera Figner (1852-1942): Russian revolutionary, poet and prisoner rights activist  [247]

Anna Filosofova (1835-1912): Russian women's rights activist  [248]

Abu al-Qasim Firdausi (c. 940 - c. 1020): Persian poet  [249]

Saint Francis of Assisi (1182-1226): Founder of Franciscan order of friars  [250]

Anne Frank (1929-1945): Diarist and concentration camp victim  [251]

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): American statesman and inventor  [252]

Frederick I [Barbarossa] (c. 1123-1190): Holy Roman Emperor  [253]

Frederick II (1194-1250): Holy Roman Emperor  [254]

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Austrian psychiatrist  [255]

Fukuda Hideko (1865-1927): Japanese women's rights activist  [256]

Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901): Japanese reformer  [257]

Khan abdul Gaffar (1890-1988): Gandhian Pathan leader  [258]

Jose Antonio Galan (c. 1749-1782): Colombian leader of the Comuneros insurrection against Spain  [259]

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Italian scientist  [260]

Jose de Galvez (1720-1787): Spanish minister of the Indies  [261]

Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1524): Portuguese navigator and conquistador  [262]

Indira Gandhi (1917-1984): Indian prime minister  [263]

Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948): Indian national and spiritual leader  [264]

Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1927- ): Colombian novelist  [265]

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616): Peruvian historian  [266]

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882): Italian leader and military commander of the Risorgimento  [267]

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940): Jamaican black nationalist  [268]

Genghis Khan (c. 1162-1227): Founder of Mongol empire  [269]

Artemesia Gentileschi (1593- c. 1652): Female Italian painter  [270]

Geronimo (c. 1829-1909): Apache Indian chief  [271]

Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali (1068-1111): Muslim philosopher  [272]

Mahmud Ghazan (1271-1304): Mongol ruler of Iran  [273]

Santi Ghose (1916-1989): Indian nationalist who killed a British magistrate  [274]

Vo Nguyen Giap (1910-): Vietnamese communist and general  [275]

Godfrey of Bouillon (c. 1060-1100): French Crusader and ruler of Jerusalem  [276]

Boris Godunov (c. 1551-1605: Tsar of Russia  [277]

Emma Goldman (1869-1940): Russian-born anarchist  [278]

Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda (1814-1873): Cuban-Spanish romantic poet and novelist  [279]

Cissie Gool (1897-1963): South African female politician  [280]

Nadine Gordimer (1923- ): South African novelist  [281]

Charles Gordon (1833-1885): British general and colonial administrator  [282]

Olympia de Gouges (1748-1793): French playwright and feminist  [283]

Francisco de Goya (1746-1828): Spanish painter  [284]

Gunter Grass (1927- ): German novelist  [285]

El Greco (1541-1614): Cretan-born painter  [286]

Gregory VIII [Hildebrand] (c. 1021-1085): Pope, 1073-85  [287]

Gudit, Queen of Agao (mid-10th century CE): Northern Ethiopian queen  [288]

Ernesto "Che" Guevara (1928-1967): South American revolutionary  [289]

Gulbadan Begam (1523-1603): Mughal princess who wrote a memoir detailing the lives of the early Mughal kings  [290]

Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398-1468): German printer  [291]

Gustavo Gutierrez Merino (1928- ): Peruvian cleric and Liberation Theology theorist  [292]

Nuno Beltran de Guzman (c. 1490-1544): Spanish conquistador and colonial administrator  [293]

Losang Gyatso (1617-1682): Fifth Dalai Lama  [294]

Hafez (1327-1391): Persian mystic and poet  [295]

Haile Selassie (1892-1975): Emperor of Ethiopia  [296]

Hakuin Ekaku (1686-1768): Japanese Zen Buddhist monk  [297]

Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804): American statesman  [298]

Dag Hammarskjold (1905-1961): United Nations Secretary-General  [299]

Suzuki Harunobu (1724-1770): Japanese woodblock print artist  [300]

Muhammad Abdille Sayyid Hasan (1864-1920): Somali nationalist leader  [301]

Hasegawa Tohaku (1539-1610): Japanese painter  [302]

Warren Hastings (1732-1818): Governor-General of Indian and governor of Bengal  [303]

John Hawkins (1532-1595): Caribbean slave trader and seaman  [304]

Lafcadio Hearn (1850-1904): American journalist and Japanese citizen  [305]

Piet Pieterszoon Hein (1577-1629): Dutch naval officer and privateer  [306]

Heloise (c. 1095/1100-1164): Medieval French abbess  [307]

Ernest Hemingway (1898-1961): U.S. novelist  [308]

Hemu (1501-1556): Hindu Emperor of India  [309]

Jose Hernandez (1834-1886): Argentine poet  [310]

Hernando de Soto (c. 1500-1542): Spanish conquistador and explorer  [311]

Henry IV (1050-1106): Holy Roman Emperor  [312]

Henry the Navigator (1394-1460): Portuguese prince  [313]

Hereward the Wake: 11th-century Anglo-Saxon outlaw  [314]

Heshen (1750-1799): Manchu bannerman and Qing dynasty minister  [315]

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811): Priest and leader of Mexican War of Independence  [316]

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598): Japanese daimyo  [317]

Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179): Christian mystic and poet  [318]

Lewis Hine (1874-1940): U.S. journalist and social reformer  [319]

Hiraga Gennai (1729-1779): Japanese pharmacologist and inventor  [320]

Hirata Atsutane (1776-1843): Japanese scholar  [321]

Hiratsuka Haruko (1886-1971): Pioneering Japanese feminist  [322]

Hirohito (1901-1989): Japanese emperor  [323]

Ando Hiroshige (1797-1858): Japanese painter and print-maker  [324]

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945): German Fuhrer  [325]

Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969): Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman  [326]

William Hogarth (1697-1764): English painter and engraver  [327]

Alonso de Hojeda (c. 1466-1515): Spanish explorer  [328]

Hojo Masako (1157-1225): Female administrator and stabilizer of Japan's first warrior government  [329]

Hokusai Katsushika (1760-1849): Japanese painter and print-maker  [330]

Honen (1133-1212): Founder of the Pure Land School of Japanese Buddhism  [331]

Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864): Chinese rebel leader  [332]

Hongwu (1328-1398): Chinese emperor  [333]

Felix Houphouet-Boigny (1905-1993): First President of the Ivory Coast  [334]

Sam Houston (1793-1863): Texan soldier and politician  [335]

Hrosvitha of Gandersheim (c. 930- c. 1002): German nun and historian  [336]

Huang Zongxi (1610-1695): Chinese naturalist, philosopher and soldier  [337]

Huayna Capac (d. c. 1526): Inca king  [338]

Victoriano Huerta (1850-1916): Military officer and Mexican President  [339]

Huitzilihuitl (d. 1417): Aztec ruler  [340]

Huizong (1082-1135): Chinese emperor  [341]

Hulegu (1217-1265): Founder of the Mongol Ilkhanid dynasty of Iran  [342]

Hurrem, Sultan (c. 1500-1558): Concubine slave who became queen of the Ottoman Empire  [343]

John Hus (c. 1372-1415): Bohemian religious reformer  [344]

Saddam Hussein (1937-2006): Iraqi President  [345]

Kpojito Hwanjile (ruled c. 1740-1774): High priest and queen mother of the pre-colonial African kingdom of Dahomey  [346]

Hyder Ali (1722-1782): Sultan of Mysore, South India  [347]

Solomon Ben-Judah Ibn Gabirol (c. 1020 - c. 1070): Spanish-Jewish philosopher and poet  [348]

Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906): Norwegian dramatist  [349]

Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556): Founder of the Society of Jesus  [350]

Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693): Japanese poet and popular writer of the Tokugawa period  [351]

Innocent III (1160-1216): Pope (1198-1216)  [352]

Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938): Pakistani poet and philosopher  [353]

D. Isabel de Braganca (1846-1921): Brazilian princess who signed the 1888 law abolishing slavery in the empire while acting as regent for her father  [354]

Isabella I of Castile (1451-1504): Spanish queen  [355]

Ismail I (1487-1524): First ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Persia (1501-24)  [356]

Agustin de Iturbide (1783-1824): Mexican Army general  [357]

Itzcoatl (r. 1427-40): Aztec emperor  [358]

Ivan III (The Great) (1440-1505): Russian Czar and Grand Prince of Muscovy  [359]

Ivan IV (The Terrible) (1530-1584): Russian Czar  [360]

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845): Seventh President of the United States  [361]

Shah Jahan (1592-1666): Mogul emperor of India (1628-58)  [362]

Jahangir (1569-1627): Mogul emperor of India (1605-27)  [363]

Jesse James (1847-1882): American outlaw  [364]

Abd al-Rashman Jami (1414-1492): Persian poet and mystic  [365]

Jayavarman VII (r. 1181 - c. 1218): Khmer king  [366]

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826): Third President of the United States  [367]

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948): Founder of Pakistan  [368]

Joan of Arc (1412-1431): French national heroine  [369]

Jodhaba (d. 1623): Rajput queen of the Mughal emperor Akbar  [370]

Pope John Paul II (1920-2005): Polish-born Pope  [371]

Mary Harris (Mother) Jones (1837-1930): American labour activist  [372]

William Jones (1746-1794): British colonial administrator  [373]

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz (1648-1695): Spanish-American nun and poet  [374]

Benito Juarez (1806-1872): Zapotec Amerindian and Mexican President  [375]

Kabir (1440-1518): Indian mystic and poet  [376]

Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1716): German naturalist and physician  [377]

Frida Kahlo (1907-1954): Mexican artist  [378]

Kamo no Chomei (1156-1216): Buddhist monk, poet and literary critic  [379]

Kangxi (1654-1722): Emperor of China  [380]

Katayama Sen (1859-1933): Japanese labor union organizer and Marxist revolutionary  [381]

Kato Kiyomasa (1562-1611): Japanese feudal lord  [382]

Jomo Kenyatta (c. 1892-1978): Kenyan statesman  [383]

Ogata Kenzan (1663-1743): Japanese potter  [384]

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406): Arab historian  [385]

Omar Khayyam (c. 1020-1120): Persian poet  [386]

Ruhollah Khomeini (c. 1900-1989): Iranian religious and political leader  [387]

Amir Khusrau (1253-1325): The most celebrated Persian poet of India  [388]

Kim Il Sung (1912-1994): North Korean leader  [389]

Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968): U.S. civil rights leader  [390]

Kishida Toshiko (1863-1901): Pioneering Japanese feminist

Kita Ikki (1883-1937): Radical Japanese right-wing writer and activist  [391]

Tadeusz Andrzej Bonawentura Kosciuszko (1746-1817): Polish soldier and statesman  [392]

Koxinga (1624-1664): Ming military leader  [393]

Paulus Kruger (1825-1904): South African statesman  [394]

Kublai Khan (1214-1294): First Yuan Emperor of China  [395]

Kukai (774-835): Founder of Japanese esoteric school of Shingon Buddhism  [396]

Kusonoki Masashige (d. 1336): Samurai chieftain of medieval Japan  [397]

Mikhail Kutusov (1745-1813): Russian general  [398]

Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834): French soldier and statesman  [399]

Lakshmi Bai, Rani of Jihansi (d. 1858): Female rebel leader of the revolt of 1857 in India  [400]

Gebre Mesqel Lalibela (d. 1229): Ethiopian king  [401]

Diego de Landa Calderon (1524-1579): Bishop of Yucatan  [402]

Bartolome de Las Casas (1484-1566): Spanish Dominican priest and Indian rights activist  [403]

Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935): British military officer  [404]

Robert E. Lee (1807-1870): Commander of the Army of the Confederacy  [405]

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1511-1572): Spanish conquistador and first governor-general of the Philippines  [406]

Pierre-Charles L'Enfant (1754-1825): French-born American architect, engineer and soldier  [407]

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924): Russian revolutionary statesman  [408]

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): Italian artist and scientist  [409]

Leopold II (1835-1909): Belgian king  [410]

Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805-1894): French developer of the Suez Canal  [411]

Li Bo (c. 701-762): Chinese poet  [412]

Li Qingzhao (1084 - c. 1151): China's greatest woman poet  [413]

Liang Mengzhao (1615?-?): Chinese female poet, painter and playwright  [414]

Liliuokalani (1838-1917): Last Hawaiian queen  [415]

Lin Zexu (1785-1850): Chinese official and patriot  [416]

Li Zicheng (c. 1605-1645): Chinese rebel leader  [417]

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865): Sixteenth President of the United States  [418]

Jan Huyghen Van Linschoten (1563-1611): Dutch traveler and writer  [419]

Liu Shi (1618-1664): Chinese courtesan and Ming loyalist  [420]

David Livingstone (1813-1873): British missionary doctor  [421]

Lobengula (c. 1836-1894): Ndebele leader  [422]

Louis IX (1214-1270): French king and Crusader  [423]

Louis XIV (1638-1715): French king  [424]

Lu Jiuyuan (1139-1192): Chinese philosopher  [425]

Lu Meiniang (792-c. 820): Famous Chinese Daoist saint, courtesan and poet of the Tang Dynasty  [426]

Lu Xun (1881-1936): Chinese short-story writer  [427]

Lu You (1125-1210): Chinese poet of southern Song dynasty  [428]

Martin Luther (c. 1483-1546): German religious reformer  [429]

Rosa Luxembug (1870-1919): German revolutionary  [430]

Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964): American general  [431]

Lord George Macartney (1737-1806): British diplomat  [432]

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527): Italian statesman and political theorist  [433]

Francisco Madero (1873-1913): Revolutionary and President of Mexico  [434]

James Madison (1751-1836): Fourth President of the United States  [435]

Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521): Portuguese explorer  [436]

Mumtaz Mahal (1593-1631): Empress of India interred in the Taj Mahal  [437]

Sultan Mahmud II (1785-1839): 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire  [438]

Mahmud of Ghazna (971-1030): Ghaznavid Dynasty ruler  [439]

Moses Maimonides (1135-1204): Jewish physician and philosopher  [440]

Ahmed Bin Majid (1421- c. 1500): Arab navigator  [441]

Alessandro Malaspina (1754-1810): Italian nobleman and Spanish explorer  [442]

La Malinche (c. 1499 - c. 1529): Nahuatl interpreter for Spanish conquistadors  [443]

Mamiya Rinzo (1775-1844): Japanese explorer  [444]

Manco Capac: First king of the Kingdom of Cuzco  [445]

Manco Inca Yupanqui (1516-1544): Vilcabamba Inca  [446]

Nelson Mandela (1918- ): South African leader  [447]

John Mandeville: 14th-century travel writer  [448]

Mansa Musa (r. 1307-1337): Mali ruler  [449]

Niccolao Manucci (1638-1717): Italian traveler  [450]

Mao Zedong (1893-1976): Chinese revolutionary leader  [451]

George Marcgraf (1610-1648): German naturalist and astronomer  [452]

Ferdinand Marcos (1917-1989): Filipino leader  [453]

Saint Marianita de Jesus (1618-1645): Ecuadorian saint  [454]

Constance Markievicz (1868-1927): Irish nationalist and commandant in Easter Rising  [455]

Bob Marley (1945-1981): Jamaican musician  [456]

Jose Marti (1853-1895): Cuban writer and national hero  [457]

Eleanor Marx (1855-1898): International Socialist and feminist  [458]

Karl Marx (1818-1883): German social philosopher  [459]

Date Masamune (1567-1636): Japanese samurai  [460]

Cotton Mather (1663-1728): American Puritan clergyman  [461]

Margaret Mead (1901-1978): American cultural anthropologist  [462]

Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492): Florentine prince  [463]

Mehemet Ali (c. 1769-1849): Pasha of Egypt  [464]

Mehmed II [The Conqueror] (1430-1481): Ottoman sultan (1451-81)  [465]

Emperor Meiji (1852-1912): Japanese emperor  [466]

Golda Meir (1898-1978): Israeli stateswoman  [467]

Mekatilili: Leading figure of the Giriama resistance, 1912-1914, in British-colonized Kenya  [468]

Melisende (1105-1161): Queen of Jerusalem  [469]

Herman Melville (1819-1891): American novelist  [470]

Rigoberta Menchu (1959-): Guatemalan human rights activist  [471]

Antonio de Mendoza (1495-1552): First Viceroy of New Spain  [472]

Menelik II (1844-1913): Ethiopian emperor  [473]

Mentewwab (ruled 1730-1769): Ethiopian empress  [474]

Metacoment [King Philip] (1639-1676): Wampanoag chief in colonial Massachusetts  [475]

Klemens Metternich (1773-1859): Austrian chancellor  [476]

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564): Italian artist  [477]

Minanmoto Yoritomo (1147-1199): Japanese general, founder of the Kamakura shogunate  [478]

Mindaugas (1203-1263): First Grand Duke of Lithuania  [479]

Mirabai (c. 1498- c. 1547): Hindu singer  [480]

Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816): South American revolutionary  [481]

Mishima Yukio (1925-1970): Japanese novelist and right-wing activist  [482]

Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957): Chilean poet  [483]

Mmanthatisis (c. 1784-1847): Female chief of the Tlokwa of southern Africa during the early 19th century  [484]

Mnkabayi (c. 1765-1840): Royal Zulu woman  [485]

Isabel Moctezuma (1509-1550): Daughter of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II  [486]

Moka Te Kainga-Mataa: Maori chief  [487]

Mongke Khan (1208-1259): Mongol Khan  [488]

Antonio de Montesinos: 16th-century Dominican friar and Indian rights advocate  [489]

Montezuma II (c. 1480-1520): Ninth Aztec ruler  [490]

Lord Mountbatten (1900-1979): Last British Viceroy of India  [491]

Muqi Fachang (b. c. 1210 - d. c. 1270): Chinese painter  [492]

Mulan: Cross-dressing Chinese woman warrior  [493]

Murasaki Shikibu (c. 973- c. 1014): Author of Tale of Genji  [494]

Muso Soseki (1275-1351): Rinzai Zen Buddhist monk  [495]

Wallada Bint al-Mustakfi (c. 1001-1080): Female Arab Andalusian poet  [496]

Modest Musorgsky (1839-1881): Russian composer  [497]

Mutsuhito (1852-1912): Meiji emperor of Japan  [498]

Mwana Kupona (c. 1825-1860): Female Swahili poet  [499]

Mwana Mwema, Queen of Zanzibar (ruled c. 1650): Swahili-speaking queen  [500]

Mwanga II (d. 1897): 31st kabata of Buganda  [501]

Myoch'oung (d. 1136): Buddhist monk and rebel  [502]

Mzilikazi (c. 1790-1868): Matabele king  [503]

V.S. Naipaul (1932-): West Indian novelist  [504]

Nakayama Miki (1798-1887): Female founder of a new religion, Tenrikyo, in late-19th-century Japan  [505]

Nana Sahib (c. 1820-1859): Hindu leader  [506]

Guru Nanak (1469 - c. 1539): Founder of Sikh religion  [507]

Nandi (c. 1776-1837): Mother of Shaka Zulu  [508]

Charles Napier (1782-1853): British army officer responsible for the conquest and subjugation of Sind  [509]

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821): Emperor of the French, 1804-14  [510]

Panfilo de Narvaez (c. 1478-1528): Spanish conquistador  [511]

Johan Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1604-1679): Governor of Dutch possessions in Brazil  [512]

Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970): Egyptian President  [513]

Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964): Indian prime minister and statesman  [514]

Horatio Nelson (1758-1805): British admiral  [515]

Pablo Neruda (1904-1973): Chilean poet  [516]

Alexander Nevsky (c. 1220-1263): Grand Duke of Vladimir  [517]

John Newton (1725-1807): Anglican clergyman and slave-ship captain  [518]

Ngo Quyen (897-944): Vietnamese leader  [519]

Nichiren (1222-1282): Monk and founder of Nichiren or Lotus School of Japanese Buddhism  [520]

Forence Nightingale (1820-1910): English nurse  [521]

Nizam Ud-Din Auliya (d. 1324): Sufi saint of India  [522]

Njinga, Queen (1582-1663): ruler of the northern Angolan kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba from 1624 to 1663  [523]

Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972): African statesman and prime minister of Ghana  [524]

Nongqawuse (c. 1840- c. 1900): Prophetess of the great Xhosa cattle-killing of 1856-57  [525]

Juana Paula Manso de Noronha (1819-1875): Educational reformer, newspaper editor and women's rights advocate  [526]

Nostradamus (1503-1566): French astrologer and physician  [527]

Nur ad-Din Zangi (1118-1174): Syrian sultan  [528]

Nur Jahan (1577-1645): Mughal princess  [529]

Nurhaci (1559-1626): Unifier of the Jurchen tribes and founder of the Manchu Dynasty  [530]

Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru (d. 1922): Kenyan anti-colonial activist  [531]

Julius Nyerere (1922-1999): African statesman and President of Tanzania  [532]

Mbande Nzinga (c. 1583-1663): African queen  [533]

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582): Japanese warlord  [534]

Odoric of Pordenone (1265? - 1331): Christian traveler and missionary to Asia  [535]

Vincent Oge (c. 1755-1791): Haitian revolutionary  [536]

Ogedei (1186-1241): Son of Genghis Khan and his successor as Great Khan  [537]

Bernardo O'Higgins (1778-1842): Chilean patriot and South American revolutionary  [538]

Georgia O'Keefe (1887-1986): American painter  [539]

Olaf I (969-1000): King of Norway (995-1000)  [540]

Carlos Ometochtzin (d. 1539): Member of Acolhua nobility burnt at stake by Spanish  [541]

Martin Garcia Onez de Loyola (1549-1598): Spanish soldier and royal governor of Chile  [542]

Jose Clemente Orozco (1883-1949): Mexican muralist  [543]

George Orwell (1903-1950): British novelist and essayist  [544]

Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez (1768?-1829): A key protagonist in the Mexican independence movement  [545]

Oshio Heihachiro (1793-1837): Japanese samurai  [546]
Osman I (c. 1258-1326): Ottoman sultan  [547]

Osugi Sakae (1885-1923): Japanese anarchist  [548]

Otagaki Rengetsu (1791-1875): Japanese Buddhist nun, poet, calligrapher and potter  [549]

Otsuki Gentaku (1757-1827): Japanese scholar, physician and educator who expanded the field of Dutch (European) studies  [550]

Ottama (d. 1939): Burmese Buddhist monk and nationalist leader  [551]

Pachacuti (1438-1472): Inca ruler  [552]

Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980): Iranian Shah  [553]

Thomas Paine (1737-1809): British writer and political theorist  [554]

Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928): British suffragette  [555]

Mungo Park (1771-1806): British explorer and surgeon  [556]

Charlie Parker (1920-1955): American jazz saxophonist and composer  [557]

Matthew Paris (1200-1259): English Benedictine monk and chronicler  [558]

Pedro II (1812-1891): Emperor of Brazil (1831-1889)  [559]

Alimotu Pelewura (c. 1880-1951): Female Nigerian anti-colonial activist  [560]

William Penn (1644-1718): Quaker founder of Pennsylvania  [561]

Eva Peron (1919-1952): Argentine political leader  [562]

Sofia Perovskaia (1853-1881): Russian revolutionary and assassin of Alexander II  [563]

Matthew Perry (1794-1858): U.S. naval officer and pioneer of Western contact with Japan  [564]

Peter the Great (1672-1725): Russian czar  [565]

Peter the Hermit (1050-1115): French monk, noted for his preaching in support of the First Crusade  [566]

Vasudeo Balwant Phadke (1845-1885): Indian revolutionary and bandit  [567]

Constantine Phaulkon (1647-1688): Greek "prime minister" of Siam during the reign of King Narai (1656-88)  [568]

Jotirao Govindrao Phule (1827-1890): Indian social revolutionary  [569]

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973): Spanish artist  [570]

Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006): Chilean army general and dictator  [571]

Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475-1541): Spanish conquistador  [572]

Pocahontas (c. 1595-1617): North American Indian princess  [573]

Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849): American short-story writer  [574]

Pol Pot (1928-1998): Cambodian revolutionary  [575]

Marco Polo (c. 1254-1324): Venetian merchant and traveler  [576]

Guaman Poma (c. 1550 - c. 1616): Indigenous Peruvian chronicler  [577]

Juan Ponce de Leon (1460-1521): Spanish explorer  [578]

Pontiac (c. 1720-1769): Leader of North American First Nations tribal confederacy  [579]

Potatau Te Wherowhero (d. 1860): Maori leader  [580]

Powhatan (c. 1547 - c. 1618): Algonquin chief  [581]

Prester John: Legendary Christian ruler  [582]

Prithviraj III (d. 1193): Hindu king of Delhi  [583]

Gavrilo Princip (1894-1918): Serbian assassin  [584]

Emelyan Pugachev (1726-1775): Cossack rebel leader  [585]

Aleksandr Pushkin (1799-1837): Russian poet  [586]

Puyi (1906-1967): Last Qing emperor of China  [587]

Quamina (d. 1823): Guyanese slave rebel  [588]

Qianlong (1710-1799): Chinese emperor  [589]

Qiu Chuji (1148-1227): Founder of Dragon Gate Taoism  [590]

Qiu Jin (1875-1907): Chinese poet, revolutionary and feminist  [591]

Qiu Xinru (c. 1805- c. 1873): Female Chinese poet  [592]

Qutb Ud-Din Aibak (d. 1210): Turkish slave officer of Shihab ud-Din Ghuri, who established the Delhi sultanate  [593]

Vasco de Quiroga (c. 1470-1565): Mexican bishop  [594]

Quizquiz (or Quisquis): One of Atahualpa's leading generals  [595]

Qurrat al-Ayn (1814-1852): An early champion of women's equality in Iran  [596]

Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966): Egyptian intellectual  [597]

az-Zubayr Rabeh (d. 1900): Sudanese military leader  [598]

Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781-1826): British colonial administrator  [599]

Sir Walter Raleigh (c. 1552-1618): English explorer  [600]

Pandita Ramabai (1858-1922): Indian women's rights activist  [601]

Ramanuja (1056-1137?): Indian philosopher  [602]

Ranjit Singh (1780-1839): Ruler of Sikh kingdom in the Punjab (1799-1839)  [603]

Rashid ad-Din Sinan (d. 1194): "Old Man of The Mountains" -- Syrian Assassin leader  [604]

Raymond of Toulouse (1041-1105): French Crusader  [605]

Razia al-Din (1205-1240): Delhi Sultaness  [606]

Chico Rei: 18th-century semi-mythic heroic figure from Brazilian slave trade  [607]

Ilya Repin (1844-1930): Russian painter  [608]

Piet Retief (1780-1836): South African Boer leader  [609]

Raynald of Chatillon (1125-1187): French Crusader  [610]

Alexandre de Rhodes (1591-1660): Jesuit missionary in Vietnam  [611]

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902): British entrepreneur and imperialist  [612]

Matteo Ricci (1552-1610): Italian Jesuit missionary  [613]

Richard the Lion-Heart (Richard I) (1157-1199): King of England and Crusader  [614]

No Sen Rikyu (1522-1591): Japanese tea master  [615]

Diego Rivera (1886-1967): Mexican muralist  [616]

Jose Rizal (1861-1896): Filipino nationalist  [617]

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794): French revolutionary  [618]

Robin Hood: Legendary English outlaw  [619]

Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein (1877/80-1932): Female Bengali Muslim reformer and writer  [620]

Oscar Romero (1917-1980): El Salvadorian archbishop  [621]

Franklin Roosevelt (1882-1945): 32nd President of the United States  [622]

Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793-1877): Argentine caudillo  [623]

Saint Rose of Lima (1586-1617): The first Catholic saint in the Americas  [624]

Ram Mohan Roy (1774-1833): Father of the Bengal Renaissance  [625]

Jalal al-Din Rumi (1207-1273): Sufi mystic and poet  [626]

Salman Rushdie (1947- ): Indian-born British novelist  [627]

Mem de Sa (c. 1500-1572): Governor-General of Brazil  [628]

Hassan-i Sabbah (c. 1034-1124): Persian Ismaili cleric and founder of the Assassins  [629]

Sacagawea (c. 1787-1812): Shoshone guide on Lewis and Clark Expedition  [630]

Muslih al-Din Sadi (1202-1292): Persian poet  [631]

Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590): Franciscan missionary to Aztecs and Spanish chronicler  [632]

Saicho (767-822): Founder of the Japanese school of Tendai Buddhism  [633]

Antoine de Saint-Exupery (1900-1944): French aviator and writer  [634]

Chevalier de Saint-Georges (1745-1799): Caribbean composer  [635]

Sakanoue No Tamuramaro (758-811): Japanese general  [636]

Saladin (1138-1193): Kurdish founder of the Ayyubid Dynasty (1169-93)  [637]

Policarpa Salavarrieta (c. 1795-1817): Heroine of the Colombian independence movement  [638]

Gonzalo de Salazar (d. 1564): Prominent New Spain administrator  [639]

Sor Maria Anna Agueda de San Ignacio (1695-1756): Colonial Spanish American mystic, theologian and female religious writer  [640]

Jose de San Martin (1778-18502): South American revolutionary  [641]

George Sand (1804-1876): Female French author  [642]

Augusto Cesar Sandino (1893-1934): Nicaraguan revolutionary general  [643]

Minamoto no Sanetomo (1192-1219): Japanese shogun and last head of Minamoto clan  [644]

Margaret Sanger (1879-1966): American birth control activist  [645]

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (1794-1876): Mexican general and President  [646]

Muhammad ibn Saud (d. 1765): First head of the House of Saud  [647]

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883-1966): Indian revolutionary  [648]

Queen Saw (r. 1255-1287): Ruler of the Burmese kingdom of Pagan  [649]

Saya San (1876-1931): Burmese monk and leader of anti-British rebellion  [650]

Johann Adam Schall von Bell (c. 1592-1666): Jesuit missionary to China  [651]

Olive Schreiner (1855-1920): British South African feminist and anti-imperialist writer and activist  [652]

Mary Jane Seacole (1805-1881): Jamaican nurse and Crimean War heroine  [653]

Sei Shonagon (c. 966-1017): Japanese author and court lady  [654]

Alexander Selkirk (1676-1721): Scottish sailor and castaway  [655]

Leopold Sedar Senghor (1906-2001): Sengalese poet and politician  [656]

Juan Gines de Sepulveda (1489-1572): Spanish philosopher  [657]

Sequoyah (c. 1767-1843): Cherokee developer of alphabet  [658]

Sesshu Toyo (1420-1506): Japanese painter  [659]

Begam Jahanara Shahnawazm (1614-1681): Mughal princess  [660]

Shaka (1787-1828): Zulu king  [661]

William Shakespeare (1564-1616): English dramatist  [662]

Shamil (c. 1798-1871): Leader of Muslim resistance to Russian occupation of the Caucasus from 1834-1859  [663]

Shang Kexi (c. 1603-1676): Chinese military official of the Ming Dynasty who changed his allegiance to the Manchus [664]

Shankara (c. 788-820): Indian philosopher and theologian  [665]

Huda Sha'rawi (1879-1947): Prominent Egyptian nationalist and feminist  [666]

Shen Fu: Late 18th-early-19th century Chinese autobiographer  [667]

Shen Yixiu (1590-1635): An early representative female poet of the Chinese gentry  [668]

Shenzong (1048-1085): Chinese Song emperor  [669]

William Tecumseh Sherman (1820-1891): U.S. general  [670]

Shiba Kokan (1747? - 1818): Japanese artist and polymath  [671]

Shinran (1173-1262): A leading disciple of the monk Honen and founder of the True Pure Land school of Buddhism  [672]

Shinsawbu (1395-1472?): Queen of Burma  [673]

Shivaji (1630-1680): Founder of the Maratha kingdom  [674]

Giovanni Battista Sidotti (1668-1715): Italian priest, the last missionary in Tokugawa Japan after the closing of the country through the Expulsion Edict of 1639  [675]

Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796-1866): German physician in Japan  [676]

Sigrid The Haughty: Female Viking rebel  [677]

Upton Sinclair (1878-1968): U.S. novelist and social reformer  [678]

Bhagat Singh (1907-1931): Indian revolutionary who became a national hero when he was arrested and hanged for throwing a bomb in the Central Legislative Council in Delhi in 1929  [679]

Gobind Singh (1666-1708): Tenth guru of the Sikhs  [680]

Sitt al-Mulk (970-1023): Princess of the Egyptian Shi'a Isma'ili Fatimid Dynasty  [681]

David Siqueiros (1896-1974): Mexican muralist  [682]

Sitting Bull (c. 1834-1890): Lakota Indian chief  [683]

Joseph Smith (1805-1844): Founder of Mormonism  [684]

Jan Smuts (1870-1950): South African statesman  [685]

Snorri Sturluson (1179-1241): Icelandic poet and historian  [686]

Aleksandr Solzenitsyn (1918-2008): Russian author  [687]

Sonni Ali [Ali The Great] (d. 1492): Founder of Songhay Empire  [688]

Leger-Felicite Sonthonax (1763-1813): French abolitionist and colonial military officer  [689]

Sorghaghtani Beki (c. 1198-1252): Mongol princess  [690]

Martin Afonso de Sousa (1500-1564): Portuguese colonist and leader of an exploratory expedition to southern Brazil (1531-33)  [691]

Soyembika (c. 1516- after 1554): Female ruler of the khanate of Kazan, one of the successor states to the Turko-Mongol state of the Golden Horde  [692]

Wole Soyinka (1934-): Nigerian writer  [693]

Soyrabai (d. 1681): Queen consort of the Indian kingdom of Maratha  [694]

Maria Spiridonova (1884-1941): Female Russian revolutionary  [695]

Josef Stalin (1879-1953): Soviet leader  [696]

Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904): British-American explorer and journalist  [697]

Nadezhda Stasova (1822-1895): A leader of the first wave of Russian feminists  [698]

Gertrude Stein (1874-1946): U.S. writer  [699]

Stephen I (975-1036): King of Hungary (997-1938)  [700]

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896): U.S. novelist  [701]

Alfredo Stroessner (1912-2006): Paraguayan dictator  [702]

Peter Stuyvesant (1592-1672): Dutch colonial governor of the North American colony of New Netherlands (1647-64)  [703]

Su Sanniang (c. 1830- c. 1854): Female fighter in the Taiping Rebellion  [704]

Ines de Suarez (c. 1507-1580): Female conquistador  [705]

Subedei (1176-1248): Mongol general  [706]

Ishin Suden (1569-1633): Zen Rinzai monk  [707]

Takezaki Suenaga (1246-1314): Japanese general  [708]

Achmad Sukarno (1901-1970): Indonesian statesman  [709]

Suleiman I [Suleiman the Magnificent] (1495-1566): Ottoman sultan  [710]

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925): Chinese revolutionary  [711]

Sundjata Keita (c. 1235-1255): Founder of the Mali Empire  [712]

Suryavarman II (d. c. 1150): Khmer king  [713]

Bertha Von Suttner (1843-1914): Writer and peace activist  [714]

Suzuki Shosan (1579-1655): Japanese warrior and Zen monk  [715]

Tahirih (c. 1817 - 1852)): Female Babi mystic poet  [716]

Sei Shonagon (c. 966-1017): Japanese author and court lady  [717]

T'aitu Bitoul (c. 1850-1918): Empress of Ethiopia and wife of Emperor Menelik II  [718]

Taizu (927-976): Chinese emperor  [719]

Taj al-Alam Safiyyat al-Din (ruled 1641-1675): Sultana of Aceh in northern Sumatra  [720]

Queen Tamar of Georgia (c. 1160-1213): Georgian queen  [721]

Tamati Waka Nene (c. 1785-1871): Maori chief who fought as ally of the British  [722]

Tamerlane [Timur Lang] (1336-1405): Islamic conqueror  [723]

Kano Tan'yu (1602-1674): Japanese painter of the Kano school  [724]

Tarabai, The Regent (1675-1761): Female defender of Maratha independence against the Mughals  [725]

Abel Janszoon Tasman (c. 1603-1659): Dutch navigator and European discoverer of New Zealand  [726]

Tawhiao (1822-1894): Son of the Maori king Potatau, and head (1860-94) of the Kingitanga Movement  [727]

Te Kooti Rikirangi Te Turuki (c. 1830-1893): Maori spiritual leader  [728]

Tecumseh (c. 1768-1813): American Shawnee Indian chief  [729]

Pedro Teixeira (d. 1641): Portuguese explorer  [730]

Teresa of Avila (1515-1582): Spanish mystic and Carmelite nun  [731]

Mother Teresa (1910-1997): Albanian Catholic nun  [732]

Alexandrine Tinne (1835-1869): Dutch traveller  [733]

Madame Tinubu (c. 1810-1887): West African slave trader and merchant  [734]

Tipu Sultan (c. 1753-1799): Sultan of Mysore (1782-1799)  [735]

Tiradentes (Joaquim Jose da Silva Xavier) (1746-1792): Brazilian revolutionary  [736]

Titu Cusi (1529-1571): Inca ruler of Vilcabamba  [737]

Tlacaelel (1397-1487): Counselor to Aztec rulers  [738]

Togo Heihachiro (1848-1934): Japanese admiral and national hero  [739]

Tojo Hdeki (1884-1948): Japanese war-time leader  [740]

Hojo Tokimasa (1138-1215): Japanese war-lord  [741]

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616): Shogun and founder of the Tokugawa shogunate  [742]

Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1837-1913): 15th and last Tokugawa shogun  [743]

Francisco de Toledo (1515-1584): Spanish viceroy of Peru  [744]

Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910): Russian author and social reformer  [745]

Tomas de Torquemada (1420-1498): Spanish Dominican friar and grand inquisitor  [746]

Tousaint L'Ouverture (1743-1803): Haitian independence leader  [747]

Trang Hung Dao (c. 1221-1300): Vietnamese general most responsible for the defeat of the Mongol invasions of 1285 and 1287-88  [748]

Flora Tristan (1803-1844): French feminist and socialist  [749]

Trotula of Salerno (d. c. 1097): Female physician  [750]

Maria Trubnikova (1835-1897): Russian women's rights activist  [751]

Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1919-2000): Canadian prime minister  [752]

Rafael Trujillo (1891-1961): Authoritarian leader of the Dominican Republic (1930-1961)  [753]

Sojourner Truth (1797-1883): American abolitionist and feminist  [754]

Harriet Tubman (c. 1821-1913): American abolitionist and Underground Railroad activist  [755]

Muhammad ibn Tughluq (c. 1300-1351): Turkic Sultan of Delhi  [756]

Tupac Amaru (d. 1572): Last Inca of Vilcabamba  [757]

Tupac Amaru II [born Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui] (1742-1781): Peruvian indigenous leader  [758]

Nat Turner (1800-1831): African-American leader of the Virginia slave revolt of 1831 [759]

Marie Tussaud (1761-1850): French sculptor and entrepreneur  [760]

Mark Twain (1835-1910): U.S. author  [761]

Wat Tyler (d. 1381): English rebel  [762]

Ulug Beg (1394-1449): Timurid ruler  [763]

Urban II (c. 1042-1099): Pope (1088-99)  [764]

Utamaro (c. 1753-1806): Japanese print-maker and painter  [765]

Cristobal Vaca de Castro (1492-1566): Spanish colonial administrator in Peru  [766]

Alessandro Valignano (1539-1606): Italian Jesuit missionary  [767]

George Vancouver (1757-1798): British explorer  [768]

Mario Vargas Llosa (1936-): Peruvian novelist  [769]

Diego Velasquez de Cuellar (1465-1524): Governor of Cuba and conquistador  [770]

Diogo Veloso (c. 1560-1599): Portuguese soldier of fortune noted for his intrigues at the Cambodian court  [771]

Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688): Flemish Jesuit missionary in China  [772]

Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512): Florentine merchant and explorer  [773]

Leona Vicario (1789-1842): Mexican independence leader  [774]

Queen Victoria (1819-1901): Queen of Britain  [775]

Pancho Villa (1877-1923): Mexican revolutionary leader  [776]

Vijayabahu I (1055-1100): Sinhalese king  [777]

Kimpa Vita (1684-1706): Congolese prophet and leader of her own Christian movement, known as Antonianism  [778]

Vladimir I (956-1015): Grand Duke of Kiev (978-1015)  [779]

Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859): German naturalist and explorer  [780]

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792): Saudi Arabian Islamic scholar  [781]

Derek Walcott (1930-): St. Lucian poet  [782]

William Wallace (c. 1270-1305): Scottish soldier and national hero  [783]

Wang Anshi (1021-1086): Chinese statesman  [784]

Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692): Chinese philosopher and Ming loyalist  [785]

Wang Yun (1749-1819): Chinese poet and dramatist  [786]

Nancy Ward (1738? -1822): Cherokee warrior and leader  [787]

George Washington (1732-1799): First President of the U.S.  [788]

Wei Zhongxian (1568-1627): Chinese palace eunuch  [789]

Chaim Weitzmann (1874-1952): First president of Israel  [790]

Walt Whitman (1819-1892): American poet  [791]

William Wilberforce (1759-1833): British abolitionist  [792]

Wilhelm II (1859-1941): German Kaiser  [793]

William I [The Conqueror] (1028-1087): First Norman king of England (1066-87)  [794]

William of Rubruck (c. 1220 - c. 1293): Flemish Franciscan missionary  [795]

Eric Williams (1911-1981): West Indian intellectual and statesman  [796]

Roger Williams (c. 1603-1683): English founder of the North American colony of Rhode Island  [797]

John Winthrop (1588-1649): First governor of North American colony of Massachusetts  [798]

Mary Wollstonecroft (1759-1797): British writer and feminist  [799]

Wu Sangui (1612-1678): Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty  [800]

Wu Zao (1799-1862): Female Chinese playwright and lyricist  [801]

Wu Zetian (627-705): Chinese Empress  [802]

Hayam Wuruk (1334-1389): Ruler of Javanese Hindu state Majapahit  [803]

Francis Xavier (1506-1552): Jesuit missionary to Asia  [804]

Xia Gui (c. 1180 - c. 1230): Chinese painter  [805]

Xuanzung (600-664): Buddhist monk and pilgrim to India  [806]

Yaa Asantewaa (c. 1830-1921): Asante queen mother and leader of the final Asante resistance to British rule  [807]

Yagyu Munenori (1571-1649): Japanese sword master  [808]

Gaspar Yanga: 17th-century Mexican slave rebel  [809]

Zara Yaqob (1434-1468): Ethiopian ruler  [810]

Yongle [Yung-lo] (1359-1424): Ming Emperor of China, 1403-1424  [811]

Yoshida Shoin (1830-1859): Japanese intellectual and political activist  [812]

Hojo Yoshitoki (1163-1224): Second regent of the Kamakura shogunate  [813]

Yue Fei (1103-1142): Chinese general  [814]

Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901): Japanese writer and political theorist  [815]

Tupac Yupanqui: 15th-century Inca king  [816]

Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919): Mexican revolutionary  [817]

Vera Zasulich (1849-1919): Russian revolutionary and terrorist  [818]

Zewditu, Empress (1875-1930): Ethiopian empress  [819]

Zhang Juzheng (1525-1582): Grand Secretary in Ming Dynasty  [820]

Zhang Shicheng (1321-1367): Chinese rebel emperor  [821]

Two-Swords Zhao (1079-1142): Chinese pirate  [822]

Zhou Daguan (1266-1346): Chinese envoy  [823]

Zhu Hong (1535-1615): Chinese Buddhist leader and anti-Jesuit  [824]

Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398): Founder of Chinese Ming dynasty  [825]

Zoe (c. 978-1050): Byzantine empress  [826]

Juan de Zumarraga (1468-1548): Franciscan prelate and the first bishop of Mexico  [827]