Gregory G. Guzman, "European Captives And Craftsmen Among The Mongols, 1231-1255," Historian, 72 (Spring 2010): 122-50.

Mike Edwards and James L. Stanfield, "The Great Khans," National Geographic, 191 (February 1997).

Mike Edwards and James L. Stanfield, "Genghis Khan," National Geographic, 190 (December 1996).