Carr, Raymond.  Spain: A History.  New York: Oxford, 2001.

  Chislett, William.  Spain: What Everyone Needs To Know.  New York: Oxford, 2013.

  Hooper, John.  Spaniards: A Portrait Of The New Spain.  New York: Penguin, 1987.

  Phillips, William D. and Carla Rahn.  Concise History Of Spain.  Cambridge: Cambridge, 2015.