Abulafia, David.  Discovery Of Mankind: Atlantic Encounters In The Age Of Columbus.  New Haven: Yale, 2009.

  Beaule, Christine and Douglass, John G., eds.  Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years Of Place Making And Pluralism.  Tuscon: Arizona, 2020.

  Bergreen, Laurence.  Over The Edge Of The World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation Of The Globe.  New York: William Morrow, 2004.

  _____.  Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1492-1504.  New York: Penguin, 2012.

  Brown, Stephen B.  1494: How A Family Feud In Medieval Spain Divided The World In Half.  Toronto: Douglas and McIntyre, 2011.

  Carballo, David.  Collision Of Worlds: A Deep History Of The Fall Of Aztec Mexico And The Forging Of New Spain.  New York: Oxford, 2020.

  Carrera, Magali M.  Imagining Identity In New Spain: Race, Language, And The Colonial Body In Portraiture And Casta Paintings.  Austin: Texas, 2003.

  Cervantes, Fernando.  Conquistadores: A New History Of Spanish Discovery And Conquest.  New York: Viking, 2021.

  Cook, Warren L.  Flood Tide Of Empire: Spain And The Pacific Northwest, 1543-1819.  New Haven: Yale, 1973.

  Elliott, J. H.  Empires Of The Atlantic World: Britain And Spain In America, 1492-1830.  New Haven: Yale, 2020.

  _____.  Spain, Europe And The Wider World, 1500-1800.  New Haven: Yale, 2009.

  Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe.  1492: The Year That The World Began.  New York: HarperOne, 2010.

  Goodwin, Robert.  America: The Epic Story Of Spanish North America, 1493-1898.  New York: Bloomsbury, 2019.

  Hyland, Sabine.  Jesuit And The Incas: The Extraordinary Life Of Padre Blas Valera.  Ann Arbor: Michigan, 2004.

  Kamen, Henry.  Spain's Road To Empire.  London: Allen Lane, 2002.

  Levy, Buddy.  Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma, And The Last Stand Of The Aztecs.  New York: Bantam, 2009.

  _____.  River Of Darkness: Francisco Orellano And The Deadly First Voyage Through The Amazon.  Diversion Books, 2022.

  MacQuarrie, Kim.  Last Days Of The Incas.  New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008.

  Neering, Rosemary.  Spanish On The Northwest Coast: For Glory, God And Gain.  Victoria: Heritage House, 2014.

  Pagden, Anthony.  Lords Of All The World: Ideologies Of Empire In Spain, Britain And France c.1500 - c.1800.  New Haven: Yale, 1998.

  Resendez, Andres.  A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey Of Cabeza De Vaca.  New York: Basic Books, 2009.

  Restall, Matthew.  Seven Myths Of The Spanish Conquest.  New York: Oxford, 2021.

  _____.  When Montezuma Met Cortes: The True Story Of The Meeting That Changed History.  New York: Ecco, 2019.

  Thomas, Hugh.  Conquest: Cortes, Montezuma, And The Fall Of Old Mexico.  New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995.

  _____.  Golden Age: The Spanish Empire Of Charles V.  New York: Penguin, 2011.

  _____.  Rivers Of Gold: The Rise Of The Spanish Empire, From Columbus To Magellan.  New York: Random House, 2004.

  _____.  World Without End: The Global Empire Of Philip II.  New York: Penguin, 2015.

  Townsend, Camilla.  Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman In The Conquest Of Mexico.  Albuquerque: New Mexico, 2006.

  Van Deusen, Nancy.  Global Indios: The Indigenous Struggle For Justice In Sixteenth Century Spain.  Durham: Duke, 2015.

  Wheat, David.  Atlantic Africa And The Spanish Caribbean, 1570-1640.  Chapel Hill: UNC, 2018.

  Wood, Michael.  Conquistadors.  Berkeley: California, 2002.