SPANISH CIVIL WAR AND HISTORICAL MEMORY


Possible Starting Place

  Jordan Gass-Poore, "In The Shadow Of France's Legacy, Spain Faces Its Fascist History," World, PRI, March 18, 2020.

  "Franco Exhumation: Why Is Spain Moving A Dictator's Remains?," BBC News, October 21, 2019.

"Video: 40 Years On, Franco's Ghost Still Haunts Spain," Revisited, France 24, February 12, 2016.  (16 mins)

  Luis Javier Gonzalez Cuellar, "The Spanish Civil War And Google Street View," El Pais, December 1, 2014.

  Alex W. Palmer, "The Battle Over The Memory Of The Spanish Civil War," Smithsonian (July 2018).


Spanish Civil War In The News

  Guy Lane, "Lost Photos From Spanish Civil War Reveal Daily Life Behind Anti-Fascist Lines," Guardian, June 10, 2022.

  Pablo Garcia Sacristan and Sam Jones, "'He's Coming Home': Mass Grave In Valencia Gives Up Franco's Victims," Guardian, May 15, 2022.

  Sebastian Faber, "Ukraine's Foreign Fighters Have Little In Common With Those Who Signed Up To Fight In The Spanish Civil War," Conversation, March 17, 2022.

  Giles Tremlett, "No Pasaran: Anti-Fascist Slogan Takes On New Significance In Ukraine Crisis," Guardian, March 12, 2022.

  "The Guardian View On Remembering The Spanish Civil War: The Work Must Go On," Guardian, January 26, 2022.

  Jesus Ruiz Mantilla, "Paul Preston: 'Franco Was Shy With Women, Mussolini An Aggressive Predator, And Hitler Harbored A Range Of Perversions,'" El Pais, November 19, 2021.

  Carlos Cue and Javier Casqueiro, "Spanish Government Makes Legal Move That Could See Franco-Era Crimes Prosecuted," El Pais, November 17, 2021.

  Itzel Zuniga, "A German Photographer's Unique Images Of The Spanish Civil War," DW, November 12, 2021.

  Sam Jones, "Old Wounds Are Exposed As Spain Finally Brings Up The Bodies Of Franco's Victims," Observer, October 9, 2021.

  Tim Moore, "A Cycle Through Spanish History: Retracing The 1941 Vuelta A Espana," Guardian, August 21, 2021.

  Mark Satta, "Orwell's Ideas Remain Relevant 75 Years After 'Animal Farm' Was Published," Conversation, August 12, 2021.

  James Badcock, "Soldier Statue Reignites Spanish Row Over Fascism," BBC News, July 22, 2021.

  Natalia Junuera, "Spain Drafts More Ambitious Historical Memory Bill Amid Wave Of Revisionism," El Pais, July 22, 2021.

  "Spain Mulls Ban On Expression Of Support For Dictator Franco," Euronews, July 20, 2021.

  Ferran Bono, "Last Surviving Member Of The International Brigades Dies At 101," El Pais, May 28, 2021.

  Natalia Junquera, "Dagger Allegedly Belonging To Franco Sold At Auction For 35,000 Pounds," El Pais, April 16, 2021.

  Jose Angel Montanes, "New Trove Of Spanish Civil War Photographs Emerges In Barcelona," El Pais, March 19, 2021.

  Sam Jones, "Capa's Image From The Spanish Civil War Helps Tenants Find New Life, 85 Years On," Observer, March 14, 2021.

Luis De Vega, "Robert Capa Photo Of Shell-Damaged Houses Helps Tenants Start New Life," El Pais, February 26, 2021.

  "Franco: Melilla Enclave Removes Last Statue Of Fascist Dictator On Spanish Soil," BBC News, February 24, 2021.

  Robert Gildea, "The Forgotten War Heroes Who Left Their Own Countries To Help Others -- And Were Never Thanked," Conversation, January 4, 2021.

Natalia Junquera, "The Tiny Treasures Of Franco's Victims," El Pais, December 11, 2020.

  Raphael Minder, "Turning 100, A Former Spanish Soldier Laments The Curse Of His Birth Year," New York Times, October 24, 2020.

  Giles Tremlett, "The Contested Legacy Of The Anti-Fascist International Brigades," Guardian, October 22, 2020.

Paul Mason, "'The International Brigades' By Giles Tremlett Review -- Lost Voices From The Spanish Civil War," Observer, October 6, 2020.

  Raphael Minder, "About To Exhume Franco, Spain Faces 33,000 Others Buried With Him," New York Times, October 19, 2019.

  Raphael Minder, "Using A Law It Hates, Far Right In Spain Takes Aim At Franco's Rivals," New York Times, October 18, 2020.

  Harriet Sherwood, "How Soviet Spies Targeted George Orwell During Spanish Civil War," Observer, October 11, 2020.

  Paul Mason, "'The International Brigades' By Giles Tremlett Review -- Lost Voices From The Spanish Civil War," Guardian, October 6, 2020.

  Sam Jones, "Last Spanish Anti-Fascist Survivor Of Nazi Concentration Camp Dies Aged 101," Guardian, October 5, 2020.

  "Franco: Spain Seeks To Transform Monument Into Civilian Cemetery," BBC News, September 15, 2020.

Sam Jones, "Spain Plans To Turn Franco's Former Burial Site Into Civil Cemetery," Guardian, September 15, 2020.

  Carlos E. Cue, "Spain Drafts Bill Against Remaining Legacy Of Franco Era," El Pais, September 15, 2020.

  Elsa Garcia De Blas, "Echoes Of Franco As Spain's Far Right Tells PM His Government Is 'Worst In 80 Years,'" El Pais, September 10, 2020.

  Sam Jones, "Spanish Judge Orders Franco's Heirs To Hand Over Summer Palace," Guardian, September 2, 2020.

  Natalia Junquera, "Spain To Release Funds For Mass Grave Exhumations," El Pais, July 30, 2020.

  Leah Pattem, "The Historic Building Challenging Spain's Civil War Amnesia," Al Jazeera, April 19, 2020.

  Sam Jones, "Picasso, Lorca, Capa . . . Art Reveals Fate Of Exiles Who Fled Franco's Spain," Observer, December 7, 2019.

  Fran Serrato, "Madrid City Hall Removes Plaques Commemorating Franco Victims," El Pais, November 26, 2019.

  "The Observer View On Franco's Reburial And Partial Closure For Spain's Civil War Victims," Observer, October 27, 2019.

  Natalia Junquera, "Valley Of The Fallen Faces Uncertain Future After Franco's Exhumation," El Pais, October 25, 2019.

  Guy Hedgecoe, "Franco Exhumation: Dictator's Move Stirs Fury In Divided Spain," BBC News, October 24, 2019.

  Sam Jones, "'Spain Is Fulfilling Its Duty To Itself': Franco's Remains Exhumed," Guardian, October 24, 2019.

  Brakkton Booker, "Spain Moves Dictator Francisco Franco's Remains, After Months Of Legal Battles," NPR, October 24, 2019.

  Federico Lopez-Terra, "Exhumation Of Franco's Remains Is A Chance For Spain To Rest In Peace," Conversation, October 24, 2019.

  "Franco's Exhumation: Bringing An End To A Symbol Of The Spanish Dictatorship," El Pais, October 24, 2019.

  Sam Jones, "Franco's Remains To Be Exhumed On Thursday After Long Court Battle," Guardian, October 21, 2019.

  "Spain Set To Exhume Ex-Dictator Franco's Remains," DW, October 21, 2019.

  Carlos E. Cue, "Franco's Exhumation To Take Place On Thursday," El Pais, October 21, 2019.

Marcos Lema, "Franco's Family Requests Military Funeral Honors At His Exhumation," El Pais, October 15, 2019.

  Manuel Jabois, "The Last Sundays With Franco," El Pais, October 8, 2019.

  Ferran Bono, "Far-Right Group Interrupts Screening Of Civil War Movie With Franco-Era Slogans," El Pais, October 4, 2019.

Reyes Rincon, "Supreme Court Authorizes Immediate Exhumation Of Francisco Franco," El Pais, September 30, 2019.

  Natalia Junquera, "Valley Of The Fallen: The Fight To Recover Remains From 'Spain's Largest Mass Grave,'" El Pais, September 25, 2019.

  "Franco Exhumation: Spain's Supreme Court Backs Move To Cemetery," BBC News, September 24, 2019.

  Brakkton Booker, "Spanish Dictator Francisco Franco's Remains Can Be Moved, Court Rules," NPR, September 24, 2019.

  James Braddock, "Franco Victim's Daughter Buried Next To Him After Long Battle," BBC News, September 17, 2019.

  Peio H. Riano, "Lost Archive Of Spanish Civil War Photos Discovered After 72 Years," El Pais, August 23, 2019.

  Nicolas Pan-Montojo and Guiomar Del Ser, "Remembering The 4,427 Spaniards Who Died At The Mauthausen Concentration Camp," El Pais, August 9, 2019.

Giles Harvey, "Spain's Most Celebrated Writer Believes The Fascist Past Is Still Present," New York Times Magazine, August 1, 2019.

  "Spanish Franco-Era 'Stolen Babies' Campaigner Finds Her Family," DW, July 12, 2019.

  Peio H. Riano, "An International Project To Re-Think The Burial Site Of Former Dictator Franco," El Pais, June 6, 2019.

Sam Jones, "Historians Rubbish Spanish Supreme Court's Position On Franco's Reign," Guardian, June 5, 2019.

  Natalia Junquera, "The Enduring Myths Around Spain's Historical Memory Law," El Pais, July 1, 2019.

  "Franco Homage To Be Dropped From Spanish Town," DW, May 28, 2019.

Nuno Dominguez, "Spanish Civil War: The Woman Who Took A Baby Rattle To Her Execution," El Pais, May 9, 2019.

  Ben Kenigsberg, "'The Silence Of Others' Review: Franco's Victims Speak Out," New York Times, May 7, 2019.

Miguel Gonzalez and Yolanda Clemente, "The Most Explosive Legacy Of The Spanish Civil War," El Pais, April 1, 2019.

  F. Javier Barroso, "Vandals Desecrate Graves Of Spanish Republican Heroine And Socialist Party Founder," El Pais, February 12, 2019.

  Ros Coward, "Franco Refugees Still Haunted By The Past: 'We Were Cold, Hungry And Scared,'" Observer, February 9, 2019.

  Peio H. Riano, "The Other Battle Of Brunete: An Untold Spanish Civil War Massacre," El Pais, January 14, 2019.

  Javier Casqueiro, "In New Setback To Franco Reburial, Religious Leader Denies Access To Tomb," El Pais, January 3, 2019.

Sam Jones, "'The Sooner It's Gone, The Better,' Says Former Prisoner At Site Of Franco's Tomb," Guardian, November 12, 2018.

  Sam Jones, "Vatican Denies Spain's Claims Of Deal Over Franco's Reburial," Guardian, October 30, 2018.

Raphael Minder, "In Spain's 'Stolen-Babies Scandal,' Doctor Escapes Punishment," New York Times, October 8, 2018.

  Raphael Minder, "Spain To Exhume Franco From Monument He Had Built," New York Times, September 13, 2018.

  "Spanish Lawmakers Vote To Dig Up Ex-Dictator Franco," DW, September 13, 2018.

  Anabel Diez, "Spanish Congress Approves Exhumation Of Franco's Remains," El Pais, September 13, 2018.

Xavier Aldana Reyes, "Why The Spanish Civil War Continues To Haunt Gothic Literature," Conversation, August 30, 2018.

  "Franco's Family Promises To Exhaust 'All Legal Avenues' To Step Exhumation," El Pais, August 27, 2018.

  Giles Tremlett, "Yes, Spain Should Dig Franco Up; But It Must Not Bury The Horror Of His Regime," Guardian, August 24, 2018.

  Mark McKinty, "Digging Up Franco: Why Spain Still Can't Decide What To Do With The Dictator's Body," Conversation, July 31, 2018.

  James D. Fernandez, "Spain's Civil War And The Americans Who Fought I: A Convoluted Legacy," Conversation, July 20, 2018.

  Sam Jones, "Franco's Family Fights PM Over Removal Of Dictator's Remains," Guardian, July 20, 2018.

  Constanza Lambertucci et al., "Hundreds Protest To Keep Franco's Remains In Valley Of The Fallen," El Pais, July 16, 2018.

  Stephen Burgen, "Spain Launches Truth Commission To Probe Franco-Era Crimes," Guardian, July 12, 2018.

  Cristina Burack, "Spain To Outlaw Groups Honoring Dictator Francisco Franco," DW, July 12, 2018.

  "Spanish Doctor Stands Trial Over Franco-Era 'Stolen Babies,'" Guardian, June 26, 2018.

  Natalia Junquera, "Should The Valley Of The Fallen Be Allowed To Fall Into Ruins?," El Pais, June 26, 2018.

"Spain To Exhume Franco's Remains And Turn Site Into Place Of 'Reconciliation,'" Guardian, June 19, 2018.

  Sam Jones, "Franco's Cruel Legacy: The Film That Wants To Stop Spain Forgetting," Guardian, June 8, 2018.

  James Braddock, "The Battle To Strip Franco Family Of Dictator's Summer Palace," BBC News, March 12, 2018.

  Maria Jose Turrion, "Trove Of Unseen Photos Shows Gerda Taro And Robert Capa In Action," El Pais, February 12, 2018.

  Margaret Evans, "In Catalonia, The Nameless Dead Raise Old Animosities Toward Franco," CBC News, January 23, 2018.

  Lorenzo Calonge, "Nobody Wants To Restore Franco's Train," El Pais, January 9, 2018.

  Doreen Carvajal, "Chasing The Spirit Of A Fractured Spain Through Garcia Lorca," New York Times, October 24, 2017.

  J. A. Aunion, "Exploring Spain's Civil War Legacy In And Around Madrid," El Pais, September 11, 2017.

  Alan Yuhas, "Fighting Fascism: Americans In The Spanish Civil War Have A Lesson For Today," Guardian, May 14, 2017.

  Fernando Garea, "Spanish Congress Approves Removal Of Franco's Remains From Valley Of Fallen," El Pais, May 11, 2017.

  Paul Preston, "George Orwell's Spanish Civil War Memoir Is A Classic, But Is It Bad History?," Observer, May 7, 2017.

  Luca Costantini, "Nazi Memorial Removed From Madrid Cemetery On Guernica Anniversary," El Pais, April 27, 2017.

  Borja Hermoso, "Eighty Years On, Reconciliation In Guernica," El Pais, April 26, 2017.

Federico Lopez-Terra, "80 Years On From The Guernica Bombing And Spain Is Still Struggling To Honour Historical Memory," Conversation, April 26, 2017.

  "The Men Who Left The Valleys To Fight Fascism In Spain," BBC News, April 15, 2017.

"Traveling Down Picasso's Path To Guernica," DW, April 4, 2017.

  "Spanish Civil War Memorial Stone Approved," BBC News, February 22, 2017.

Nacho Carretero, "The Town Still Divided Over The Bitter Legacy Of The Spanish Civil War," El Pais, January 23, 2017.

  Nacho Carretero, "The Town Still Divided Over The Bitter Legacy Of The Spanish Civil War," El Pais, January 17, 2017.

  "Spanish Civil War Volunteers 'Risked All To Fight Fascism,'" BBC News, December 3, 2016.

  Alvaro P. Ruiz De Elvira, "All The Colors Of The Spanish Civil War," El Pais, November 21, 2016.

  "Spanish Civil War: Majorca Digs For Lost Victims," BBC News, November 3, 2016.

  Ibrahim Al-Marashi, "Syria, The Spanish Civil War And Foreign Legions," Al Jazeera, October 29, 2016.

  Ibrahim Al-Marashi, "What The Spanish Civil War Can Reveal About Syria," Al Jazeera, September 30, 2016.

  Hisham Aidi, "Spain: Searching For Garcia Lorca," Al Jazeera, September 23, 2016.

  Manuel Ansede, "Spanish Civil War Mass Grave Yields Preserved Hearts And Other Organs," El Pais, September 2, 2016.

  David Ramos, "Survivors Of The Spanish Civil War 80 Years On -- In Pictures," Guardian, July 18, 2016.

  Rumeana Jahangir, "Spanish Civil War: The Child Refugees Britain Didn't Want," BBC News, July 17, 2016.

  "Why Intellectuals Like Hemingway Got Involved In The Spanish Civil War," DW, July 15, 2016.

  "Antoine De Saint-Exupery's Spanish Civil War Press Pass Found," Guardian, July 5, 2016.

  Julian Coman, "Eighty Years On, Spain May At Last Be Able To Confront The Ghosts Of Civil War," Observer, May 29, 2016.

  Julian Coman, "Campaign For Barcelona Museum To Tell At Last Full Story Of Spain's Civil War," Observer, May 29, 2016.

Rich Benjamin, "'Spain In Our Hearts: Americans In The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939,' By Adam Hoschschild -- Review," Guardian, May 12, 2016.

  "Spain To Make First Exhumations From Civil War Mausoleum," Guardian, May 9, 2016.

  Etelka Lehoczky, "A Spanish Comic Book Exposes Franco's Orphanages," NPR, April 3, 2016.

  Michael Kazin, "'Spain In Our Hearts,' By Adam Hochschild," New York Times, March 29, 2016.

Dwight Garner, "Review: Adam Hochschild's 'Spain In Our Hearts.' About A Strangely Literary Conflict," New York Times, March 24, 2016.

  James Badcock, "Spain Franco: Victim's Daughter Prises Open Past," BBC News, February 15, 2016.

  Paul Preston, "Spain Feels Franco's Legacy 40 Years After His Death," BBC News, November 20, 2015.

  Jesus Ruiz Montilla, "'We Don't Need To Know How Many Shots They Fired To Kill Federico,'" El Pais, October 28, 2015.

  Carlos Yarnoz, "France Makes Amends For Treatment Of Spanish Civil War Refugees," El Pais, October 21, 2015.

Marcus Gee, "Discovering George Orwell's Barcelona," Globe And Mail, October 5, 2015.

  Sergio C. Fanjul, "Madrid's Hungry Years," El Pais, April 2, 2015.

  Guy Hedgecoe, "Spain's Monument To Franco: A Divisive Reminder," Al Jazeera, February 8, 2015.

  Vincent Dowd, "How British Art Expressed Concern At Spanish War," BBC News, November 11, 2014.

  Iveta Ondruskova, "Activists Demand Apology For Germany's Role In The Spanish Civil War," DW, August 24, 2014.

  Paul Preston, "'Hotel Florida: Truth, Love And Death In The Spanish Civil War' -- Review," Guardian, June 20, 2014.

  Belen Fernandez, "Spain Versus Twitter," Al Jazeera, May 7, 2014.

  Lara Feigel, "Hotel Florida Review -- A 'Wrenchingly Sad' Account Of Love And Bravery In The Spanish Civil War," Observer, April 27, 2014.

  "Spain Refuses To Extradite Franco-Era Suspect," Al Jazeera, April 25, 2014.

  "Search For Spanish Civil War Archaeology Dig Volunteers," BBC News, March 31, 2014.

  "Memorial Appeal For Oxford Spanish Civil War Volunteers," BBC News, March 12, 2014.

Natalia Junquera, "In Death, British 'Brigadista' Returns to Spanish Civil War Battlefield," El Pais, February 25, 2014.

  George Monbiot, "Orwell Was Hailed A Hero For Fighting In Spain; Today He'd Be Guilty Of Terrorism," Guardian, February 10, 2014.

Aurora Intxausti, "The Other Spanish Civil War," El Pais, January 7, 2014.

  David Willey, "Spanish Civil War 'Martyrs' Beatified," BBC News, October 13, 2013.

  Paul Hamilos, "Vatican Beatifies Over 500 'Martyrs Of The Faith' Killed During Spanish Civil War," Guardian, October 13, 2013.

"UN Presses Spain Over Franco-Era Crimes And Mass Graves," BBC News, October 1, 2013.

"Bloodstained George Orwell Scarves To Be Auctioned," BBC News, September 24, 2013.

Valerie Miles, "Challenging The Notion That Franco Wholly Succeeded In Quashing Dissent," New York Times, September 22, 2013.

  Michael Petrou, "'You Are History, You Are Legend': Canada's Last Spanish Civil War Vet Dies," Maclean's (September 11, 2013).

  Giles Tremlett, "The Life And Death Of The Spanish Republic By Henry Buckley -- Review," Observer, August 25, 2013.

  Raphael Minder, "Bringing Home The Spanish Civil War," New York Times, June 28, 2013.

  Giles Tremlett, "British Director Cuts His Ties With Spanish Civil War Film," Observer, June 9, 2013.

  David Mathieson, "Madrid's Dangerous Attempt To Distort The History Of The Spanish Civil War," Guardian, June 6, 2013.

Giles Tremlett, "Spanish Civil War Monument Must Be Pulled Down, Court Rules," Guardian, June 5, 2013.

  "Spanish Civil War Memorial Board Sparks Political Row," BBC News, May 30, 2013.

  Harvey Morris, "Does Spain's History Provide A Lesson In Syria's Civil War?," New York Times, May 29, 2013.

  Nigel Richardson, "George Orwell's Barcelona," Telegraph, April 21, 2013.

  Giles Tremlett, "Barcelona Pursues Italy Over 1938 Bombing," Observer, January 27, 2013.

Kate Taylor, "The Spanish Civil War: A Primer," Globe And Mail, November 9, 2012.

  Kate Taylor, "The Mac-Paps Get The Last Word," Globe And Mail, November 9, 2012.

  Fouad Ajami, "Viewpoint: Echoes Of Spanish Civil War In Syria," BBC News Magazine, October 9, 2012.

Giles Tremlett, "Search For Victims Of Franco Death Squads Dealt Blow By Spanish Court," Guardian, September 20, 2012.

  Stephen Burgen, "Barcelona And The Spanish Civil War," Observer, July 22, 2012.

  "Basque 'Children' Gather For Reunion In Southampton," BBC News, May 12, 2012.

  Adam Hochschild, "Process Of Extermination," New York Times, May 11, 2012.

  Sam Jones, "Forgotten Children Of Spain's Civil War Reunite 75 Years After Exile," Guardian, May 11, 2012.

Almudena Lopez, "Gernika -- 75 Years On," El Pais, April 25, 2012.

Dan Jones, "The Spanish Holocaust By Paul Preston: Review," Telegraph, March 2, 2012.

  Giles Tremlett, "Baltasar Garzon Cleared Over His Franco-Era Crimes Inquiry," Guardian, February 27, 2012.

Raphael Minder, "Spanish Judge Is Acquitted Of Abusing His Authority," New York Times, February 27, 2012.

"Last Spanish Civil War Scot Thomas Watters Dies," BBC News, February 27, 2012.

Raphael Minder and Marlise Simons, "Prominent Rights Judge Is Convicted In Spain," New York Times, February 9, 2012.

Raphael Minder, "Spanish Judge Testifies In His Own Defense," New York Times, February 1, 2012.

  Adrian Morrow, "Spain Grants Citizenship To Canadian Veteran Of The Spanish Civil War," Globe And Mail, January 25, 2012.

"The Last Female Veteran," El Pais, December 20, 2011.

"'You Are The History, You Are The Legend,'" El Pais, October 26, 2011.

  Sarah Rainsford, "Fate Of Franco's Valley Of Fallen Reopens Spain Wounds," BBC News, July 18, 2011.

  Raphael Minder, "Spain Confronts Decades Of Pain Over Lost Babies," New York Times, July 6, 2011.

  Tom Buchanan, "The Secret History Of Britain's Spanish Civil War Volunteers," Guardian, June 28, 2011.

  "Spanish Civil War 'Drew 4,000 Britons' To Fight Fascism," BBC News, June 27, 2011.

  Giles Tremlett, "Final Hours Of Spanish Poet Federico Garcia Lorca Revealed," Guardian, June 25, 2011.

Raphael Minder, "Spain Examines Future Of Fascist Monument, And Franco's Remains," New York Times, June 21, 2011.

"Franco-Era Monument Remains Divisive For Spain," DW, June 18, 2011.

  Giles Tremlett, "Spanish Civil War Victims' Bodies Finally Removed From Mass Grave," Guardian, May 5, 2011.

"Paul Preston Publishes 'The Spanish Holocaust,'" El Pais, April 4, 2011.

  Almudena Grandes, "Spain Is Different No More," El Pais, April 1, 2011.

  Sarah Rainsford, "Spain Investigates Tragedy Of 'Stolen' Newborn Babies," BBC News, March 30, 2011.

  Jonathan Freedland, "Spain And The Lingering Legacy Of Franco," Guardian, March 28, 2011.

  Sarah Rainsford, "Spanish Call To Probe Franco-Era 'Baby Thefts,'" BBC News, January 27, 2011.

  Sarah Rainsford, "Digging Up Franco-Era Truths In Andalucia," BBC News, December 22, 2010.

"Memory Of The Earth: Civil War Graves Gradually Yield Their Secrets," El Pais, November 22, 2010.

  Giles Tremlett, "Argentinian Judge Petitions Spain To Try Civil War Crimes Of Franco," Guardian, October 26, 2010.

  "Plaque For Spanish Civil War Dead At Liverpool's Unite," BBC News, October 16, 2010.

  "Argentine Court Reopens Franco Probe," BBC News, September 4, 2010.

  "Spain Rallies Behind Franco Judge," BBC News, April 24, 2010.

  "Argentinian Court Considers Spanish Civil War Inquiry," Guardian, April 14, 2010.

Raphael Minder, "Spain: Noted Judge Charged With Abuse Of Power," New York Times, April 8, 2010.

  "Profile: Judge Baltasar Garzon," BBC News, April 7, 2010.

  Sarah Rainsford, "Spain To Recognise Civil War Poet Miguel Hernandez," BBC News, February 19, 2010.

  Giles Tremlett, "Spanish Quest To Identify Black Soldier Who Fought Against Fascism In Civil War," Guardian, December 20, 2009.

  "Spanish Dig Fails To Find Grave Of Poet Lorca," BBC News, December 18, 2009.

  Miguel-Anxo Murado, "Waking Spain's Dead," Guardian, October 31, 2009.

Steve Kingstone, "Dig For Spain Poet's Body Starts," BBC News, October 28, 2009.

  Giles Tremlett, "Franco's Face And Name Erased From Public View In Spain," Guardian, October 6, 2009.

  "Spanish Judge Faces Supreme Court," BBC News, September 9, 2009.

"Spain's Civil War: George Orwell Was Shot During The Spanish Civil War, But Survived To Recount The Tale In His Homage To Catalonia," Guardian, September 5, 2009.

  Steve Kingstone, "Spain Reins In Crusading Judges," BBC News, June 25, 2009.

  Danny Wood, "Spanish Civil War Bodies Exhumed," BBC News, June 13, 2009.

  Lucy Rodgers, "Tales Of The Last Survivors," BBC Newsmagazine, June 10, 2009.

"Man Honoured For Civil War Fight," BBC News, June 9, 2009.

  Max Arthur, "'For US, Spain Wasn't And Adventure: It Was The Battle Against Fascism,'" Observer, April 26, 2009.

"Exhibition Explores Dark Era Of The Spanish Civil War," DW, April 1, 2009.

  "Swiss Pardon Spain War Veterans," BBC News, March 12, 2009.

  Victoria Burnett, "Families Search For Truth Of Spain's 'Lost Children,'" New York Times, February 28, 2009.

Giles Tremlett, "Inquiry Into Spain's Missing Children," Guardian, January 9, 2009.

  Giles Tremlet, "Come Home, War's Grandchildren Are Told," Guardian, December 29, 2008.

Rachel Donadio, "Spain Offers Citizenship To Exiles' Kin," New York Times, December 28, 2008.

  "Exiles Get Spain Passport Chance," BBC News, December 27, 2008.

  Giles Tremlett, "Spain Removes Last Franco Statue From Madrid," Guardian, December 18, 2008.

Victoria Burnett, "Spanish Judge Drops Probe Into Franco Atrocities," New York Times, November 18, 2008.

  "Court Halts Franco-Era Exhumation," BBC News, November 8, 2008.

  "Passport Offer For Spanish Exiles," BBC News, November 1, 2008.

Giles Tremlett, "Exorcising Franco's Ghost," Guardian, October 25, 2008.

Richard Baxell, "For Whom The Bell Tolls," Guardian, October 24, 2008.

Steve Kingstone, "Franco Inquiry Polarises Spain," BBC News, October 20, 2008.

  Giles Tremlett, "Franco Repression Ruled As A Crime Against Humanity," Guardian, October 17, 2008.

  Dale Fuchs, "Judge Orders Investigation Of Executions In Franco Era," New York Times, October 16, 2008.

Giles Tremlett, "Spanish Judge Orders Poet Garcia Lorca's Grave To Be Opened," Guardian, October 16, 2008.

"Spanish Judge to Probe Franco Era," BBC News, October 16, 2008.

Giles Tremlett, "Spain Braced For Opening Of Civil War's Mass Graves," Observer, September 21, 2008.

  "Lorca Family To Allow Exhumation," BBC News, September 19, 2008.

  Graham Keeley, "A Painful Past Uncovered," Guardian, August 21, 2008.

  Alfonso Daniels, "Meeting Spain's Last Anarchist," BBC News, July 8, 2008.

Graham Keeley, "Spain: Anger Over Republicans Buried In Franco's Tomb," Guardian, July 7, 2008.

  Michael Kimmelman, "In Spain, A Monumental Silence," New York Times, January 13, 2008.

  "Monuments To Franco," New York Times, January 13, 2008.

Victoria Burnett, "Spanish Civil War, This Time Fought In Pixels," New York Times, November 23, 2007.

David Cesarani, "Forgetting Franco: Why, Over 30 Years After The Death Of General Franco, Is The Government Removing All Traces Of Spain's Fascist Past?," Guardian, November 22, 2007.

"Your Stories: Spanish War Legacy," BBC News, October 29, 2007.

  Victoria Burnett, "Bill In Spanish Parliament Aims To End 'Amnesia' About Civil War Victims," New York Times, October 28, 2007.

  "Vatican Honours Spanish War Dead," BBC News, October 28, 2007.

  Frances Kennedy, "Spanish Beatifications Raise Emotions," BBC News, October 28, 2007.

  Linda Pressly, "Living With Spain's Divided Past," BBC News, May 28, 2007.

Lisa Abend, "Spain Cracks Open Dictatorial Past," Christian Science Monitor, April 26, 2007.

  Edward Rothstein, "The Spanish Civil War: Black And White In A Murky, Ambiguous World," New York Times, March 24, 2007.

Eric Hobsbawm, "War Of Ideas," Guardian, February 17, 2007.

  Elaine Sciolino, "When Reporters Chose Sides: Spain Looks Back At Its Civil War," New York Times, January 30, 2007.

  "Spain Debates Franco Reparations," BBC News, December 14, 2006.

  Renwick McLean, "Spain's Dilemma: To Toast Franco Or Banish His Ghost?," New York Times, October 8, 2006.

  Judith Keene, "The Other Volunteers," BBC News, September 27, 2006.

  Rafael Estefania, "Poet's Death Still Troubles Spain," BBC News, August 18, 2006.

  Danny Wood, "Civil War Legacy Divides Spain," BBC News, July 18, 2006.

Mark Cocker, "Of Dance And Death," Guardian (March 25, 2006).

  "Spanish Civil War Veterans Look Back," BBC News (March 17, 2006).

  "Catalan Archives To Be Returned," BBC News (January 26, 2006).

  "Spanish Mass Marks Franco Death," BBC News, November 20, 2005.

  Simon Evans, "UK Refuge For Basque War Children," BBC News (November 7, 2005).

Peter Beaumont, "Forgotten Warriors Return To Battles Sites," Observer (May 1, 2005).

  "Spain Removes Two Fascist Statues," BBC News, March 23, 2005.

  "Madrid Removes Last Franco Statue," BBC News, March 17, 2005.

"Spain Compensates 'War Children,'" BBC News (January 22, 2005).

Renwick McLean, "Conflict Over Madrid's Last Remaining Statue Of Franco Never Dies," New York Times, November 27, 2004.

  "Welsh Survivor Attends Ceremony," BBC News (October 17, 2004)

 "Parade Exposes Spain's Deep Rifts," BBC News (October 13, 2004).

David Ward, "Drawings Of Spanish Civil War Exhumations On Display," Guardian (August 27, 2004).

"Spanish Civil War Veterans Meet Again," BBC News (July 20, 2004).

Renwick McLean, "Rally To Demand Unearthing Of Mass Graves Of Franco Era," New York Times, June 25, 2004.

  "Spanish Civil War's Last Survivor," BBC News (May 3, 2004).

  "Basques Mourn Symbolic Oak Tree," BBC News (April 22, 2004).

Antonio Feros, "Civil War Still Haunts Spanish Politics," New York Times, March 20, 2004.

Katya Adler, "Spanish Fight Over Poet's Remains," BBC News (March 4, 2004).

Giles Tremlett, "Ghosts Of the Civil War Return To Haunt Spanish Election Campaign," Guardian International (February 4, 2004).

Giles Tremlett, "Spain Torn On Tribute To Victims Of Franco," Guardian Unlimited (December 1, 2003).

  Katya Adler, "Franco's Ghost Still Haunts Spain," BBC News (October 21, 2003).

"Adverts Franco Pun Causes Upset," BBC News (July 21, 2003).

Emma Daly, "Defenders Of Spain's Masterpieces; A Prado Show Honors Civil War Rescue Effort," New York Times, July 17, 2003.

  "Pope Creates New Spanish Saints," BBC News (May 4, 2003).

  "Papers Reflect Pope Visit Tensions," BBC News (May 4, 2003).

  "Jail Cells 'Made From Modern Art,'" BBC News (March 28, 2003).

Giles Tremlett, "Spain's Civil War Comes Back To Life," Guardian Unlimited (March 8, 2003).

  "Spanish Civil War Fighters Look Back," BBC News (February 28, 2003).

Sara B. Miller, "Spain Begins To Confront Its Past," Christian Science Monitor (February 6, 2003).

Giles Tremlett, "Don't Mention the Civil War," Guardian International (February 3, 2003).

Elaine Sciolino and Emma Daly, "Spaniards At Last Confront The Ghost Of Franco," New York Times, November 11, 2002.

Giles Tremlett, "'Marxists Are Retards,'" Guardian (November 1, 2002).

Giles Tremlett, "Children Stolen By Franco Finally Learn the Truth," Guardian International (October 29, 2002).

Giles Tremlett, "Spanish Government Funds Group That Exalts Franco," Guardian International (September 21, 2002).

  "Spain Digs Up Civil War Graves," BBC News (July 18, 2002).

Giles Tremlett, "Bringing Franco's Crimes To Light," Guardian Unlimited (July 17, 2002).

Piers Brendon, "Love And Death On The Front Line," Guardian (June 1, 2002).

Maitland Zane, "Brigadistas Remember The Spanish Civil War," San Francisco Chronicle, July 13, 2001.

  "Anti-Franco Veterans Win Recognition," BBC News (May 18, 2001).

  "Pontiff Honours Spanish War Dead," BBC News (March 11, 2001).

  "King Juan Carlos: Life After Franco," BBC News (November 20, 2000).

  "Madrid Arrests At Franco Rallies," BBC News (November 19, 2000).

  "A Far Cry From Franco," BBC News (November 18, 2000).

David Archibald, "The War That Won't Die," Guardian Unlimited (July 28, 2000).

"Facing The Realities Of the Spanish Civil War," Guardian (July 20, 2000).

Adela Gooch, "Myth Of Franco Takes Pounding," Guardian (April 10, 2000).

"Chirac Visits Spain," BBC News (October 3, 1999).

"Spanish Parliament Condemns Franco Coup," BBC News (September 19, 1999).

"Explosion At Franco's Tomb," BBC News (April 7, 1999).

Philip French, "Idealism And Illusion," Observer (October 8, 1995).

Philip French, "For Whom The Bell Continues To Toll," Observer, October 1, 1995.


Audio Sources

  "Picasso's Guernica," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, September 5, 2019.  (54 mins)

  "Spain Plans To Remove Franco's Remains From A Memorial, Angering His Supporters," NPR, October 19, 2018.

  "Javier Cercas Uncovers The Truth Behind Spain's 'Impostor,'" All Things Considered, NPR, September 20, 2018.  (5 mins)

"Adam Hochschild On Learning From Dark Moments In History," Writers And Company, CBC, January 29, 2017.

  "The Murder Of Federico Garcia Lorca," Witness History, BBC World Service, August 15, 2016.  (9 mins)

  "Child Refugees From The Spanish Civil War," Witness History, BBC World Service, July 13, 2016.  (9 mins)

  "Americans Had A Front-Row Seat To Spain's 20 Century Civil War," World, PRI, April 1, 2016.

  "In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WW II,'" Fresh Air, NPR, March 28, 2016.

"Digging Up The Spanish Past," Inside Europe, DW, February 4, 2016.

  "40 Years After His Death, Spain's Infamous Dictator Franco Still Looms Over Both Politics And Art," World, PRI, July 10, 2015.

"Fleeing The Spanish Civil War," Witness, BBC World Service, January 26, 2015.

  "In 'Hotel, Florida,' Three Couples Chronicle The Spanish Civil War," Fresh Air, NPR, May 5, 2014.

  "75 Years Since Guernica," Witness History, BBC World Service, April 24, 2012.

"Spain's Stolen Babies," Assignment, BBC World Service, November 5, 2011.

  "Spain To Uncover Past In 'Valley Of The Fallen,'" All Things Considered, NPR, November 9, 2009.

  "Thousands Of Children Stolen During Franco Rule," Morning Edition, NPR, April 1, 2009.

  "Seeking Justice For Deaths In Spanish Civil War," Day To Day, NPR, October 17, 2008.

"Vatican's Plan To Beatify Spanish Clergy Divisive," Morning Edition, NPR, July 13, 2007.

"Franco Out Of Spain," Talk Of The Nation, December 14, 2006.

"Spain Civil War Volunteers Revisit Battlegrounds," All Things Considered, October 8, 2006.

"Spain Debates Future Of Franco's Tomb," Weekend Edition Sunday, May 29, 2005.

"Pope Canonizes Five New Spanish Saints," Weekend Edition Sunday, May 4, 2003.

"Spain Confronts Its Past," Crossing Continents, BBC, April 11, 2003.

  "The Spanish Civil War," In Our Time, BBC, April 3, 2003.

"Franco's Legacy," All Things Considered, January 2, 2003.

"Unmarked Spanish Graves Tell Tale Of Franco Regime," Morning Edition, October 31, 2002.

"Monument To The Spanish Civil War," My Century, BBC World Service, August 15, 1999.  (4 mins)

"The Spanish Civil War," Talk Of The Nation, August 1, 1996.


Video Sources

  "The Silence Of Others" Trailer, TIFF Trailers, February 20, 2019.  (2 mins) --  This 90-minute documentary about the legacies of Franco's rule in Spain is available on Netflix.

  "Picasso," Episode 3, Simon Schama's Power Of Art (2007).

  "In Spain, Clock Is Ticking For Franco's Exhumation," Focus, France 24, October 11, 2019.  (15 mins)

  "Spain Orders Franco Family To Transfer Dictator's Remains," DW, February 16, 2019.  (5 mins)

"'The Silence Of Others': New Film Warns Against Spain's Fascist History Repeating Itself," Democracy Now, December 6, 2018.  (16 mins)

  "Spaniards Divided Over Future Of Franco Monument," Focus, France 24, September 17, 2018.  (17 mins)

  "Catalans Remember Spanish Civil War Ahead Of Election," National, CBC, December 18, 2017.

"Spain's Stolen Children," DW English, November 16, 2017.

"Spain's Stolen Babies," This World, BBC, January 13, 2016.

"Francisco Franco Memorial Opens Fresh Wounds In Spain," BBC News, July 18, 2011.

  "Los Canadienses: Canadians In The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939": 

Part 1; Part 2; Part 3; Part 4; Part 5; Part 6

"The Spanish Civil War, Episode 1, Prelude To Tragedy":

"The Spanish Civil War, Episode 2, Revolution, Counter-Revolution And Terror":

"The Spanish Civil War, Episode 3, Battleground For Idealists":

"The Spanish Civil War, Episode 4, Franco And The Nationalists":

"The Spanish Civil War, Episode 5, Inside The Revolution":

"The Spanish Civil War, Episode 6,Victory And Defeat":


Articles

  Patrick Iber, "The Spain Orwell Never Saw," New Republic (April 28, 2016).

Angela Cenarro, "Francoist Nostalgia And Memories Of The Spanish Civil War," International Journal Of Iberian Studies, 21 (2008): 203-217.

Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez, "Revisiting The Legacy Of The Spanish Civil War," International Journal Of Iberian Studies, 21 (2008): 231-46.

Julian Casanova, "History And Memory: A New Social Dimension," International Journal Of Iberian Studies, 21 (2008): 187-202.

Michael Richards, "Between Memory And History: Social Relationships And Ways Of Remembering The Spanish Civil War," International Journal Of Iberian Studies, 19 (2006): 85-94.

Helen Graham, "Coming To Terms With The Past: Spain's Memory Wars," History Today, 54 (May 2004): 29-31.

Robert Wernick, "For Whom the Bell Tolled," Smithsonian (April 1998).

Paul Heywood, "Why the Republic Lost," History Today (March 1989).

Paul Preston, "Revenge and Reconciliation," History Today (March 1989).


 

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