Robert C. L. Holmes, "The Phases, History, And Legacy Of The Arab Conquests (632-750 CE)," The Collector, May 29, 2023.

  Ilyas Benabdeljalil, "The Abassid Caliphate: 8 Achievements From A Golden Age," The Collector, November 16, 2022.

  Ilyas Benabdeljalil, "The Umayyad Caliphate: The Largest Islamic State," The Collector, November 1, 2022.

  Ilyas Benabdeljalil, "The Rashidun Caliphate: The First Islamic State," The Collector, July 31, 2022.

  Joan Acocella, "A Better Place: What If The Muslim Armies Hadn't Stopped At The French Border?," New Yorker (February 4, 2008).